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Table 1 Characteristics of study participants in baseline, follow-up and outcome surveys by race and sex

From: Temporal relationship between inflammation and insulin resistance and their joint effect on hyperglycemia: the Bogalusa Heart Study

 

White

Black

p for race differencea

Male (n = 138)

Female (n = 222)

Male (n = 38)

Female (n = 111)

Male

Female

Baseline survey

 Age (years)

36.4 (4.5)

36.2 (4.2)

36.6 (4.2)

35.0 (4.5)

0.975

0.041

 BMI (kg/m2)

28.1 (4.9)

27.2 (6.2)

29.4 (6.7)

31.3 (7.8)

0.286

< 0.001

 Smoking, n (%)

35 (25.4)

41 (18.5)

15 (39.5)

33 (29.7)

0.088

0.020

 Alcohol drinking, n (%)

54 (39.1)

98 (44.1)

8 (21.1)

42 (37.8)

0.039

0.272

 Glucose (mg/dL)

83.5 (9.4)**

79.6 (8.1)

83.2 (8.9)

81.2 (9.3)

0.861

0.121

 Insulin (μU/mL)b

10.0 (7.0–14.0)*

8.0 (6.0–13.0)

9.0 (5.0–17.0)

11.0 (7.0–17.0)

0.782

0.001

 HOMA-IRb

2.04 (1.45–2.82)*

1.65 (1.11–2.60)

1.89 (1.06–3.66)

2.27 (1.43–3.46)

0.786

0.001

 hsCRP (mg/L)b

0.93 (0.37–1.93)**

1.65 (0.71–4.15)

1.78 (0.60–3.09)

2.07 (0.58–4.80)

0.131

0.830

 Pre-diabetes, n (%)

5 (3.6)

3 (1.4)

2 (5.3)

2 (1.8)

0.155

0.255

Follow-up survey

 Age (years)

43.2 (4.7)

43.0 (4.5)

43.6 (4.5)

41.9 (4.7)

0.674

0.043

 Follow-up period (years)

6.8 (0.9)

6.8 (0.9)

7.0 (0.8)

6.9 (0.9)

0.222

0.123

 BMI (kg/m2)

29.6 (5.6)

28.6 (6.7)

31.8 (8.2)

33.0 (8.2)

0.131

< 0.001

 Smoking, n (%)

32 (23.2)

50 (22.5)

15 (39.5)

33 (29.7)

0.045

0.152

 Alcohol drinking, n (%)

52 (37.7)

91 (41.0)

7 (18.4)

38 (34.2)

0.026

0.233

 Glucose (mg/dL)

90.6 (10.7)**

86.7 (8.8)

92.5 (12.2)**

88.8 (8.6)

0.345

0.036

 Insulin (μU/mL)b

10.1 (6.3–16.2)*

8.2 (5.1–13.0)

13.6 (6.7–24.0)

12.8 (6.96–18.9)

0.052

< 0.001

 HOMA-IRb

2.26 (1.35–3.63)*

1.74 (1.04–3.00)

3.33 (1.20–5.78)

2.82 (1.43–4.56)

0.065

< 0.001

 hsCRP (mg/L)b

0.93 (0.41–1.97)**

1.35 (0.52–3.14)

1.09 (0.56–2.94)

2.07 (0.58–4.80)

0.186

0.062

 Pre-diabetes, n (%)

22 (15.9)*

19 (8.6)

11 (29.0)**

10 (9.0)

0.069

0.891

Outcome survey

 Age (years)

49.6 (4.5)

49.5 (4.2)

50.1 (4.2)*

48.0 (4.7)

0.547

0.003

 Follow-up period (year)c

6.0 (1.1)

6.1 (1.1)

6.2 (1.1)

5.9 (1.1)

0.386

0.067

 BMI (kg/m2)

30.3 (5.4)

29.5 (6.7)

32.3 (8.6)

34.9 (8.5)

0.085

< 0.001

 Smoking, n (%)

33 (23.9)

45 (20.3)

20 (52.6)**

27 (24.3)

< 0.001

0.397

 Alcohol drinking, n (%)

71 (51.5)

88 (55.4)

18 (47.4)**

18 (16.2)

0.656

< 0.001

 Hyperglycemia, n (%)

76 (55.1)**

78 (35.1)

27 (71.1)*

50 (45.1)

0.077

0.080

 Pre-diabetes, n (%)

61 (44.2)**

51 (22.9)

17 (44.8)*

34 (30.7)

0.288

0.091

 T2DM, n (%)

15 (10.9)

27 (12.2)

10 (26.3)

16 (14.4)

0.016

0.563

  1. Continuous variables are presented as means (SD) or medians (interquartile range)
  2. BMI, body mass index; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus
  3. Sex difference within race: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01
  4. ap values for race difference in continuous variables were adjusted for age
  5. bMedian (interquartile range)
  6. cFollow-up period from the time point of the follow-up survey