| White | Black | p for race differencea | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male (n = 138) | Female (n = 222) | Male (n = 38) | Female (n = 111) | Male | Female | |
Baseline survey | ||||||
 Age (years) | 36.4 (4.5) | 36.2 (4.2) | 36.6 (4.2) | 35.0 (4.5) | 0.975 | 0.041 |
 BMI (kg/m2) | 28.1 (4.9) | 27.2 (6.2) | 29.4 (6.7) | 31.3 (7.8) | 0.286 | < 0.001 |
 Smoking, n (%) | 35 (25.4) | 41 (18.5) | 15 (39.5) | 33 (29.7) | 0.088 | 0.020 |
 Alcohol drinking, n (%) | 54 (39.1) | 98 (44.1) | 8 (21.1) | 42 (37.8) | 0.039 | 0.272 |
 Glucose (mg/dL) | 83.5 (9.4)** | 79.6 (8.1) | 83.2 (8.9) | 81.2 (9.3) | 0.861 | 0.121 |
 Insulin (μU/mL)b | 10.0 (7.0–14.0)* | 8.0 (6.0–13.0) | 9.0 (5.0–17.0) | 11.0 (7.0–17.0) | 0.782 | 0.001 |
 HOMA-IRb | 2.04 (1.45–2.82)* | 1.65 (1.11–2.60) | 1.89 (1.06–3.66) | 2.27 (1.43–3.46) | 0.786 | 0.001 |
 hsCRP (mg/L)b | 0.93 (0.37–1.93)** | 1.65 (0.71–4.15) | 1.78 (0.60–3.09) | 2.07 (0.58–4.80) | 0.131 | 0.830 |
 Pre-diabetes, n (%) | 5 (3.6) | 3 (1.4) | 2 (5.3) | 2 (1.8) | 0.155 | 0.255 |
Follow-up survey | ||||||
 Age (years) | 43.2 (4.7) | 43.0 (4.5) | 43.6 (4.5) | 41.9 (4.7) | 0.674 | 0.043 |
 Follow-up period (years) | 6.8 (0.9) | 6.8 (0.9) | 7.0 (0.8) | 6.9 (0.9) | 0.222 | 0.123 |
 BMI (kg/m2) | 29.6 (5.6) | 28.6 (6.7) | 31.8 (8.2) | 33.0 (8.2) | 0.131 | < 0.001 |
 Smoking, n (%) | 32 (23.2) | 50 (22.5) | 15 (39.5) | 33 (29.7) | 0.045 | 0.152 |
 Alcohol drinking, n (%) | 52 (37.7) | 91 (41.0) | 7 (18.4) | 38 (34.2) | 0.026 | 0.233 |
 Glucose (mg/dL) | 90.6 (10.7)** | 86.7 (8.8) | 92.5 (12.2)** | 88.8 (8.6) | 0.345 | 0.036 |
 Insulin (μU/mL)b | 10.1 (6.3–16.2)* | 8.2 (5.1–13.0) | 13.6 (6.7–24.0) | 12.8 (6.96–18.9) | 0.052 | < 0.001 |
 HOMA-IRb | 2.26 (1.35–3.63)* | 1.74 (1.04–3.00) | 3.33 (1.20–5.78) | 2.82 (1.43–4.56) | 0.065 | < 0.001 |
 hsCRP (mg/L)b | 0.93 (0.41–1.97)** | 1.35 (0.52–3.14) | 1.09 (0.56–2.94) | 2.07 (0.58–4.80) | 0.186 | 0.062 |
 Pre-diabetes, n (%) | 22 (15.9)* | 19 (8.6) | 11 (29.0)** | 10 (9.0) | 0.069 | 0.891 |
Outcome survey | ||||||
 Age (years) | 49.6 (4.5) | 49.5 (4.2) | 50.1 (4.2)* | 48.0 (4.7) | 0.547 | 0.003 |
 Follow-up period (year)c | 6.0 (1.1) | 6.1 (1.1) | 6.2 (1.1) | 5.9 (1.1) | 0.386 | 0.067 |
 BMI (kg/m2) | 30.3 (5.4) | 29.5 (6.7) | 32.3 (8.6) | 34.9 (8.5) | 0.085 | < 0.001 |
 Smoking, n (%) | 33 (23.9) | 45 (20.3) | 20 (52.6)** | 27 (24.3) | < 0.001 | 0.397 |
 Alcohol drinking, n (%) | 71 (51.5) | 88 (55.4) | 18 (47.4)** | 18 (16.2) | 0.656 | < 0.001 |
 Hyperglycemia, n (%) | 76 (55.1)** | 78 (35.1) | 27 (71.1)* | 50 (45.1) | 0.077 | 0.080 |
 Pre-diabetes, n (%) | 61 (44.2)** | 51 (22.9) | 17 (44.8)* | 34 (30.7) | 0.288 | 0.091 |
 T2DM, n (%) | 15 (10.9) | 27 (12.2) | 10 (26.3) | 16 (14.4) | 0.016 | 0.563 |