Table 1 Baseline characteristics
HOMA-IR tertiles | Low | Intermediate | High | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 174 | 150 | 161 | |
Demographic characteristics | ||||
 Age, years, mean (SD) | 65.24 (10.45) | 62.37 (11.23) | 59.93 (11.84) | < 0.001 |
 Male, n (%) | 154 (88.51) | 132 (88.00) | 149 (92.55) | 0.342 |
Clinical measures, mean (SD) | ||||
 BMI, kg/m2 | 23.09 (3.00) | 24.76 (2.93) | 25.95 (3.78) | < 0.001 |
 SBP, mmHg | 121.07 (17.36) | 124.71 (17.87) | 125.37 (20.30) | 0.078 |
 DBP, mmHg | 71.99 (11.45) | 75.57 (11.98) | 77.76 (12.02) | < 0.001 |
Current or former smoker, n (%) | 87 (50.00) | 72 (48.00) | 66 (40.99) | 0.228 |
Diseased vessels, n (%) | ||||
 Single-vessel disease | 59 (33.91) | 46 (30.67) | 52 (32.30) | 0.768 |
 Multi-vessel disease | 115 (66.09) | 104 (69.33) | 109 (67.70) | |
Medical history, n (%) | ||||
 Hypertension | 90 (51.72) | 86 (57.33) | 101 (62.73) | 0.126 |
 Atrial fibrillation or flutter | 6 (3.45) | 8 (5.33) | 8 (4.97) | 0.682 |
 Chronic kidney disease | 8 (4.60) | 10 (6.67) | 13 (8.07) | 0.424 |
 Cerebrovascular disease | 20 (11.49) | 8 (5.33) | 16 (9.94) | 0.140 |
Laboratory values, median (IQR) or mean (SD) | ||||
 HbA1c, % | 5.60 (5.40–5.90) | 5.75 (5.40–6.10) | 5.70 (5.40–5.90) | 0.116 |
 Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 5.04 (0.87) | 5.45 (0.76) | 6.17 (0.94) | < 0.001 |
 Fasting insulin, μU/mL | 5.61 (2.12) | 10.32 (1.95) | 21.67 (10.83) | < 0.001 |
 Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.31 (0.99–1.73) | 1.51 (1.08–2.07) | 1.65 (1.18–2.30) | < 0.001 |
 Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.50 (1.44) | 4.37 (0.83) | 4.77 (1.06) | 0.040 |
 HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.04 (0.26) | 1.02 (0.22) | 1.02 (0.23) | 0.855 |
 LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.85 (1.31) | 2.67 (0.68) | 3.02 (0.86) | 0.044 |
 Apolipoprotein A–I, g/L | 1.10 (0.20) | 1.11 (0.19) | 1.14 (0.18) | 0.381 |
 Apolipoprotein B, g/L | 0.89 (0.29) | 0.90 (0.21) | 0.94 (0.19) | 0.084 |
 Alanine aminotransferase, IU/L | 40.96 (23.55) | 37.12 (18.47) | 61.98 (44.55) | < 0.001 |
 Aspatate aminotransferase, IU/L | 140.90 (141.13) | 137.10 (123.68) | 238.58 (213.27) | < 0.001 |
 Blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L | 5.20 (4.10–6.20) | 5.00 (4.20–6.00) | 5.10 (4.20–6.50) | 0.497 |
 Serum creatinine, μmol/L | 78.00 (62.25–87.00) | 77.00 (67.00–87.00) | 80.00 (68.00–92.00) | 0.166 |
 eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 83.42 (20.70) | 88.11 (21.65) | 85.38 (19.15) | 0.178 |
 hsCRP, mg/L | 5.84 (2.31–13.74) | 4.50 (2.06–11.47) | 3.96 (1.81–12.85) | 0.151 |
 NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 1049.00 (718.10–2668.00) | 859.55 (309.30–1843.00) | 466.60 (278.70–1344.75) | < 0.001 |
 cTnI (ng/mL) | 6.19 (0.35–29.86) | 9.94 (0.32–36.47) | 24.40 (1.78–75.45) | < 0.001 |
Medication use, n (%) | ||||
 ACEI or ARBs | 125 (71.84) | 114 (76.00) | 133 (82.61) | 0.064 |
 Beta-blockers | 146 (83.91) | 122 (81.33) | 135 (83.85) | 0.787 |
 Statins | 170 (97.70) | 142 (94.67) | 157 (97.52) | 0.243 |
 Spirolactone | 10 (5.75) | 12 (8.00) | 20 (12.42) | 0.089 |