Changes in behaviors after diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and 10-year incidence of cardiovascular disease and mortality

Strelitz, Jean; Ahern, Amy L.; Long, Gráinne H.; Boothby, Clare E.; Wareham, Nicholas J.; Griffin, Simon J.

doi:10.1186/s12933-019-0902-5

Cardiovascular Diabetology

Table 3 Beta coefficients and 95% confidence intervals from multivariable linear regression models of the association of behavior changes in the year following diabetes diagnosis and cardiovascular risk factors measured 1 year after diagnosis

From: Changes in behaviors after diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and 10-year incidence of cardiovascular disease and mortality

	HbA_1c (%)		Cholesterol (mmol/l)		LDL (mmol/l)		Triglycerides (mmol/l)		Systolic BP (mmHg)		Diastolic BP (mmHg)
	N^a	β^b [95% CI]	N^a	β^b [95% CI]	N^a	β^b [95% CI]	N^a	β^b [95% CI]	N^a	β^b [95% CI]	N^a	β^b [95% CI]
Physical activity
Increased ≥ 2 MET hours/day	211	− 0.05 [− 0.16, 0.05]	212	-0.02 [− 0.18, 0.14]	206	− 0.03 [− 0.16, 0.10]	212	− 0.02 [− 0.14, 0.10]	213	− 1.41 [− 4.40, 1.57]	213	0.08 [− 1.76, 1.93]
Maintained within 2 MET hours/day	266	1	271	1	263	1	271	1	271	1	271	1
Decreased ≥ 2 MET hours/day	189	0.05 [− 0.08, 0.19]	190	-0.00 [− 0.18, 0.17]	183	− 0.03 [− 0.21, 0.14]	190	0.04 [− 0.07, 0.15]	191	2.34 [− 1.36, 6.05]	191	1.06 [− 0.28, 2.40]
Alcohol
Decreased ≥ 2 units/week or abstained	350	0.10 [− 0.02, 0.21]	352	− 0.05 [− 0.18, 0.08]	343	− 0.02 [− 0.14, 0.10]	352	− 0.01 [− 0.11, 0.09]	354	− 1.38 [− 4.50, 1.73]	354	− 1.32 [− 3.25, 0.61]
Maintained within 2 units/week	206	1	210	1	203	1	210	1	210	1	210	1
Increased ≥ 2 units/week	97	− 0.11 [− 0.33, 0.11]	97	0.16 [− 0.04, 0.36]	94	0.05 [− 0.11, 0.21]	97	0.02 [− 0.10, 0.14]	97	2.61 [− 1.75, 6.97]	97	0.96 [− 1.40, 3.32]
Energy intake
Decreased ≥ 300 kcal	295	− 0.14 [− 0.32, 0.03]	297	− 0.08 [− 0.22, 0.06]	290	− 0.13 [− 0.23, − 0.03]	297	− 0.03 [− 0.14, 0.07]	296	1.95 [− 2.13, 6.03]	296	0.16 [− 1.63, 1.95]
Maintained within 300 kcal	267	1	271	1	262	1	271	1	273	1	273
Increased > 300 kcal	95	0.03 [− 0.15, 0.22]	96	0.06 [− 0.14, 0.25]	91	− 0.06 [− 0.21, 0.08]	96	0.05 [− 0.10, 0.20]	97	3.72 [− 0.32, 7.76]	97	0.94 [− 1.46, 3.33]
Fat as % of energy intake
Decreased ≥ 4%	249	− 0.10 [− 0.25, 0.05]	250	− 0.08 [− 0.23, 0.06]	245	− 0.05 [− 0.18, 0.07]	250	− 0.05 [− 0.14, 0.05]	252	0.43 [− 2.94, 3.79]	252	− 1.78 [− 3.52, − 0.03]
Maintained within 4%	298	1	304	1	290	1	304	1	304	1	304	1
Increased ≥ 4%	110	0.04 [− 0.14, 0.22]	110	0.13 [− 0.08, 0.35]	108	0.17 [− 0.01, 0.35]	110	− 0.02 [− 0.16, 0.11]	110	2.61 [− 1.25, 6.47]	110	0.65 [− 2.04, 3.34]
Fibre intake
Increased > 3 g/day	239	0.07 [− 0.08, 0.22]	239	− 0.05 [− 0.19, 0.09]	231	− 0.04 [− 0.18, 0.09]	239	0.02 [− 0.09, 0.12]	241	0.17 [− 2.66, 2.99]	241	0.09 [− 1.62, 1.80]
Maintained within 3 g/day	285	1	290	1	281	1	290	1	291	1	291	1
Decreased ≥ 3 g/day	133	0.12 [− 0.09, 0.34]	135	0.06 [− 0.09, 0.22]	131	− 0.08 [− 0.22, 0.06]	135	0.10 [− 0.01, 0.20]	134	3.09 [− 0.43, 6.62]	134	1.79 [− 0.37, 3.94]
Plasma vitamin C
Increased > 10 µmol/l	199	− 0.08 [− 0.25, 0.10]	199	− 0.06 [− 0.31, 0.19]	194	− 0.00 [− 0.21, 0.21]	199	− 0.16 [− 0.28, − 0.05]	199	− 2.65 [− 6.32, 1.02]	199	− 1.34 [− 3.23, 0.55]
Maintained within 10 µmol/l	231	1	236	1	227	1	236	1	236	1	236	1
Decreased ≥ 10 µmol/l	154	0.08 [− 0.12, 0.29]	156	− 0.03 [− 0.23, 0.18]	152	− 0.03 [− 0.23, 0.16]	156	− 0.02 [− 0.11, 0.08]	155	− 0.67 [− 4.15, 2.81]	155	− 0.87 [− 3.05, 1.31]
Behavior change score
0 changes	35	1	36	1	34	1	36	1	36	1	36	1
1 change	144	− 0.23 [− 0.69, 0.23]	145	− 0.16 [− 0.44, 0.12]	139	− 0.11 [− 0.36, 0.15]	145	− 0.01 [− 0.20, 0.18]	144	− 0.78 [− 6.42, 4.86]	144	− 1.08 [− 4.33, 2.17]
2 changes	215	− 0.20 [− 0.58, 0.18]	217	− 0.40 [− 0.64, − 0.15]	211	− 0.18 [− 0.38, 0.02]	217	− 0.13 [− 0.32, 0.06]	217	1.07 [− 4.23, 6.38]	217	− 2.47 [− 5.61, 0.67]
3–4 changes	165	− 0.11 [− 0.49, 0.27]	167	− 0.40 [− 0.64, − 0.15]	165	− 0.21 [− 0.42, − 0.01]	167	− 0.14 [− 0.33, 0.05]	167	− 2.05 [− 7.59, 3.49]	167	− 2.63 [− 5.86, 0.61]

ADDITION-Cambridge 2002–2014
^aThe total number of participants with nonmissing information on all covariates in the full model
^bModels are adjusted for age, sex, BMI at baseline, smoking at 1 year, SES, education, treatment group, relevant cardio-protective medication use, and baseline value of the behavior

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