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Table 2 Hazard ratios for the association of behavior changes from baseline to 1 year and CVD and all-cause mortality at 10 years follow-up

From: Changes in behaviors after diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and 10-year incidence of cardiovascular disease and mortality

Behavior change

Baseline, mean (SD)

1 year, mean (SD)

Mean change (SD)

N cases/N totala

HR [95% CI]b CVD

N cases/N totala

HR [95% CI]b all-cause mortality

Total physical activity (MET hours/day)

 Increased ≥ 2 MET hours

10.1 (6.6)

16.4 (8.8)

6.3 (4.5)

30/218

1.10 [0.61, 1.98]

27/218

0.87 [0.47, 1.60]

 Maintained within 2 MET hours

9.1 (5.3)

9.1 (5.4)

0.0 (1.1)

36/277

1

41/277

1

 Decreased ≥ 2 MET hours

16.6 (8.8)

10.1 (6.3)

− 6.5 (5.5)

26/198

0.92 [0.55, 1.55]

25/198

0.90 [0.50, 1.63]

Alcohol (mean units/week)

 Decreased ≥ 2 units or abstained

8.5 (13.6)

5.1 (9.3)

− 3.4 (6.1)

38/361

0.56 [0.36, 0.87]

52/362

1.06 [0.67, 1.67]

 Maintained within 2 units

5.5 (6.4)

5.5 (6.3)

0.0 (0.8)

38/213

1

25/214

1

 Increased ≥ 2 units

9.2 (8.2)

15.6 (13.4)

6.4 (7.7)

15/101

0.72 [0.34, 1.53]

15/101

1.13 [0.67, 1.93]

Energy intake (kcal/day)

 Decreased ≥ 300 kcal

2376 (721)

1590 (490)

− 786 (472)

38/303

0.78 [0.46, 1.33]

34/303

0.56 [0.34, 0.92]

 Maintained within 300 kcal

1682 (469)

1653 (482)

− 29 (164)

37/279

1

44/279

1

 Increased ≥ 300 kcal

1617 (546)

2284 (829)

668 (301)

16/102

1.36 [0.69, 2.69]

14/102

1.19 [0.56, 2.52]

Fat as percentage of energy intake (%)

 Decreased ≥ 4%

35.6 (5.4)

27.4 (5.7)

− 8.3 (3.9)

37/256

1.03 [0.64, 1.65]

38/256

0.95 [0.59, 1.53]

 Maintained within 4%

32.4 (5.4)

32.0 (5.2)

− 0.3 (2.3)

40/314

1

37/314

1

 Increased ≥ 4%

28.0 (6.2)

35.7 (5.7)

7.8 (3.5)

14/114

0.87 [0.41, 1.85]

17/114

1.22 [0.58, 2.57]

Fibre intake (g/day)

 Increased > 3 g/day

15.0 (5.5)

24.1 (15.7)

9.0 (14.1)

32/250

0.94 [0.57, 1.55]

32/250

0.99 [0.57, 1.71]

 Maintained within 3 g/day

16.0 (5.5)

16.1 (5.5)

0.1 (1.7)

41/296

1

44/296

1

 Decreased ≥ 3 g/day

22.8 (7.9)

15.5 (5.7)

− 7.4 (5.0)

18/138

1.36 [0.63, 2.94]

16/138

0.93 [0.42, 2.06]

Plasma vitamin C (µmol/l)

 Increased > 10 µmol/l

41.6 (18.2)

67.4 (23.8)

25.8 (16.3)

22/199

0.68 [0.41, 1.13]

29/199

1.18 [0.69, 2.01]

 Maintained within 10 µmol/l

53.1 (21.6)

53.0 (22.0)

0.0 (5.5)

34/236

1

31/236

1

 Decreased ≥ 10 µmol/l

65.5 (21.4)

40.6 (19.0)

− 24.9 (12.5)

21/156

0.97 [0.58, 1.65]

17/156

0.85 [0.41, 1.77]

Behavior change score

 0 changes

n/a

n/a

n/a

9/36

1

5/37

1

 1 change

n/a

n/a

n/a

25/145

0.60 [0.26, 1.37]

16/146

0.68 [0.23, 2.00]

 2 changes

n/a

n/a

n/a

23/217

0.39 [0.18, 0.82]

40/220

1.15 [0.45, 2.89]

 3–4 changes

n/a

n/a

n/a

19/167

0.42 [0.19, 0.95]

14/170

0.46 [0.13, 1.54]

  1. ADDITION-Cambridge 2002–2014 (N = 852)
  2. aThe total number of participants with nonmissing information on all covariates in the full model
  3. bModels are adjusted for age, sex, SES, education, BMI at baseline, smoking at 1 year, baseline value of the behavior, treatment group, and use of antihypertensive, glucose-lowering or lipid-lowering medications at 1 year