Table 1 Characteristics of the studies included in the present meta-analysis
Reference | Year | Region | Design of study | No. of patients | Age (years) | Women (%) | Frailty measurements | Frailty (%) | Outcome | Follow-up period (years) | Effect measure | Adjustment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cacciatore et al. [25] | 2013 | Italy | Longitudinal | 188 | 72 | 67 | Frailty staging system | 48.4 | Mortality | 12 | HR | Age, sex, BMI, waist circumference, heart rate, pulse blood pressure, Charlson comorbility index, drugs number, GDS, CHF, PAD, and CKD |
Wang et al. [26] | 2014 | US | Longitudinal | 2415 | 73 | NR | Marker for a major frailty characteristic | 44 | Mortality | 5.6 | HR | Age, race, diabetes duration, age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity score, smoking cessation status, LDL levels, and HbA1c levels |
Li et al. [27] | 2015 | China | Longitudinal | 146 | 80 | 32 | FRAIL scale | 15.1 | Mortality, hospitalization | 2 | OR | Age, sex, MMSE points, BMI, duration of diabetes, HbA1c levels, macroangiopathy, and nephropathy |
Castro-Rodriguez et al. [28] | 2016 | Spain | Longitudinal | 363 | 76 | 54 | Rockwood Frailty Index | NR | Mortality | 5.5 | HR | Age, sex, disability, and cardiovascular disease |
Chode et al. [29] | 2016 | US | Longitudinal | 215 | 57 | 69 | FRAIL scale | NR | Mortality | 9 | OR | age and sex |
Liccini et al. [30] | 2016 | US | Longitudinal | 198 | 64 | 47.5 | FRAIL scale | 28.8 | Mortality, hospitalization | 0.5 | HR; OR | age, sex, education, and HbA1c levels |
Chao et al. [31] | 2018 | Taiwan | Longitudinal | 560,795 | 56 | 46 | FRAIL scale | 0.2 | Mortality, hospitalization, cardiovascular disease | 3 | HR | Age, sex, comorbidities (including obesity, mental illnesses, and hypoglycemia history), substance use (smoking and alcohol abuse), aDCSI, and medications |
Li et al. [32] | 2018 | Taiwan | Cross-sectional | 719 | Aged ≥ 65 years | 58 | FRAIL scale | 9.4 | Hospitalization | – | OR | Age, sex, education, marital status, duration of diabetes, use of insulin, falls, ADL disability, and IADL disability |