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Table 1 Demographic and obstetric characteristics of the study population and study outcomes

From: Good glycemic control of gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with the attenuation of future maternal cardiovascular risk: a retrospective cohort study

 

Control

N = 352

Good glycemic control

N = 230

p value*

Poor glycemic control

N = 216

p value†

p value‡

Age

28.2 (5.2) [27.9, 24.0–32.3]

29.7 (4.8) [29.1, 26.3–33.1]

0.0005

30.4 (4.9) [30.5, 26.9–34.0]

< 0.0001

0.12

 Age ≥ 35

41 (12%)

31 (13%)

0.51

42 (19%)

0.01

0.09

Number of previous pregnancies

3.1 (2.1) [1–4]

2.8 (2.1) [1–4]

0.02

3.3 (2.3) [1–5]

0.41

0.006

 First pregnancy

88 (25%)

80 (35%)

0.01

58 (27%)

0.64

0.07

Number of previous births

2.6 (1.7) [1–3]

2.3 (1.8) [1–3]

0.0002

2.7 (2.0) [1–4]

0.52

0.01

 Primiparity

106 (30%)

113 (49%)

< 0.0001

85 (39%)

0.03

0.04

Birth weight

3270 (504) [3315, 2995–3622]

3256 (555) [3325, 2966–3605]

0.76

3276 (572) [3318, 2992–3588]

0.89

0.70

 Pre-pregnancy BMI

19.5 (10.4) [22.3, 19.5–25.9]

26.8 (5.2) [26.3, 23.0–30.1]

< 0.0001

27.2 (5.1) [26.9, 23.7–30.1]

< 0.0001

0.45

Country of birth

 Israel

310 (88%)

191 (83%)

0.01

188 (87%)

0.051

0.16

 Ethiopia

4 (1.1%)

8 (3.4%)

 

10 (4.6%)

  

 USSR

28 (8.0%)

14 (6.0%)

 

12 (5.6%)

  

 Other

10 (2.8%)

17 (7.4%)

 

6 (2.8%)

  

Immigrant

42 (12%)

39 (17%)

0.09

28 (13%)

0.72

0.24

Male fetus

181 (52%)

128 (56%)

0.33

110 (53%)

0.89

0.46

Multiple pregnancy

3 (0.9%)

10 (4.4%)

0.005

4 (1.9%)

0.44

0.13

Marital status

 Married

346 (98%)

226 (98%)

0.85

210 (97%)

0.63

0.57

 Single

5 (1.4%)

4 (1.7%)

 

4 (1.9%)

  

 Divorced

1 (0.3%)

0 (0%)

 

2 (0.9%)

  

Cesarean delivery

41 (12%)

69 (30%)

< 0.0001

62 (29%)

< 0.0001

0.74

 GCT mg/dL

100 (26) [96, 81–114]

167 (29) [162, 147–187]

< 0.0001

171 (31) [170, 152–189]

< 0.0001

0.13

OGTT (mg/dL): fasting

 

88 (13) [85, 79–97]

 

95 (17) [94, 85–103]

 

< 0.0001

 OGTT: 1-h post glucose load

 

201 (27) [200, 190–215]

 

203 (24.5) [202, 189–216]

 

0.52

 OGTT: 2-h post glucose load

 

157 (31) [159, 135–178]

 

164 (37) [164, 140–185]

 

0.06

 OGTT: 3-h post glucose load

 

99 (34) [96, 73–123]

 

111 (45) [106, 81–131]

 

0.004

Study outcomes

 Type 2 diabetes mellitus

19 (5.4%)

86 (37%)

< 0.0001

121 (56%)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Dyslipidemia

49 (14%)

67 (29%)

< 0.0001

102 (47%)

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

 Obesity

111 (32%)

111 (48%)

< 0.0001

124 (57%)

< 0.0001

0.053

 Hypertension

44 (13%)

42 (18%)

0.06

39 (18%)

0.07

0.96

  1. Values are presented as mean (standard deviation) [median, IQR] or number (percent)
  2. Missing values: Gender: four missing in control, 2 in good glycemic control, and 7 in poor glycemic control
  3. Mode of delivery: two in good glycemic control, 1 in poor glycemic control
  4. Num. pregnancy: 1 missing in control
  5. Num. birth: 1 missing in control
  6. Pre-pregnancy BMI: 90 missing in control, 15 missing in good glycemic control, 27 missing in poor glycemic control
  7. GCT: In the control group, 15 women had normal GCT according to the medical chart without the exact value, 29 missing in good glycemic control, 43 missing in poor glycemic control
  8. OGTT: Fasting: Twenty-two missing in good glycemic control, 39 missing in poor glycemic control; OGTT: 1-h post glucose load: Sixteen missing in good glycemic control, 36 missing in poor glycemic control
  9. OGTT: 2-h post glucose load: Eighteen missing in good glycemic control, 38 missing in poor glycemic control
  10. OGTT: 3-h post glucose load: Twenty-five missing in good glycemic control, 45 missing in poor glycemic control
  11. * Control vs good glycemic control
  12. †Control vs poor glycemic control
  13. ‡Good glycemic control vs. poor glycemic control
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840