Table 5 Anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles and results for healthy and T2DM volunteers
Multiplex cytokine results | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Cytokines (pg mL−1) | Healthy (n = 23) | T2DM (n = 25) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Mann–Whitney P-value |
Anti-inflammatory markers | ||||
 IFN-α | 1.35 [0.74–1.63] | 2.28 [1.94–2.49] | 1.03 (0.75, 1.45) | 0.003 |
 IL-10 | 2.74 [1.89–5.29] | 9.6 [4.62–16.27] | 1.17 (1.05, 1.36) | 0.0002 |
 IL-13 | 2.25 [0.665–7.03] | 5.75 [2.56–10.01] | 1.03 (0.93, 1.15) | 0.045 |
 IL-4 | 7.09 [2.3–20.6] | 29.63 [15.3–78.5] | 1.01 (1, 1.03) | 0.004 |
Pro-inflammatory markers | ||||
 E-Selectin | 25,885 [19,418–30,622] | 24,782 [18,633–35,779] | 1 (1, 1) | 0.902 |
 GM-CSF | 0.001 [0.001–18] | 29.18 [15.61–60] | 1.02 (1, 1.04) | 0.001 |
 IFN-γ | 4.12 [0.001–12.6] | 12.03 [7.1–19.3] | 1.02 (0.98, 1.08) | 0.007 |
 IL-1α | 3.49 [2.45–5.2] | 11.33 [3.6–24.9] | 1.12 (1.04, 1.23) | 0.003 |
 IL-1β | 16.47 [11.4–30.3] | 48.98 [33.8–76.6] | 1.02 (1, 1.05) | 0.00005 |
 IL-12p70 | 12.03 [6.7–15.4] | 22.92 [16.4–30.8] | 1.16 (1.06, 1.3) | 0.00015 |
 IL-17A | 0.001 [0.001–0.97] | 4.11 [1.05–8.47] | 1.09 (0.99, 1.24) | 0.0005 |
 IL-6 | 8.43 [0.44–21.18] | 239.41 [31–1018] | 1 (1, 1.01) | 0.00005 |
 IL-8 | 1.33 [0.001–15.6] | 36.32 [3.83–69.5] | 1.02 (1, 1.04) | 0.003 |
 IP-10 | 18.12 [15.2–27.1] | 30.8 [23.0–149.6] | 1.01 (1, 1.03) | 0.005 |
 MCP-1 | 39.98 [24.8–54.4] | 65.3 [43.4–134.2] | 1.04 (1.02, 1.08) | 0.0002 |
 MIP-1α | 20.94 [4.31–70.7] | 63.82 [14.7–108] | 1.01 (1, 1.02) | 0.083 |
 MIP-1β | 39.9 [20.7–424.6] | 317.1 [65.2–565.4] | 1 (1, 1) | 0.016 |
 P-Selectin | 9080 [6318–12,792] | 11,967 [9626–16,135] | 1 (1, 1) | 0.03 |
 sICAM-1 | 39,140 [27,732–59,821] | 47,253 [29,219–58,020] | 1 (1, 1) | 0.79 |
 TNF-α | 86.3 [68.9–121.5] | 161.7 [98.6–197.5] | 1.01 (1, 1.03) | 0.012 |