Duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus and systolic blood pressure as determinants of severity of coronary stenosis and adverse events in an asymptomatic diabetic population: PROCEED study

Shreenidhi M. Venuraju; Avijit Lahiri; Anand Jeevarethinam; Mark Cohen; Daniel Darko; Devaki Nair; Miranda Rosenthal; Roby D. Rakhit

doi:10.1186/s12933-019-0855-8

Table 4 Factors associated with adverse CV events in a univariate Cox regression analysis

From: Duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus and systolic blood pressure as determinants of severity of coronary stenosis and adverse events in an asymptomatic diabetic population: PROCEED study

Variable	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	p value
Age (per 10 years)	2.45 (1.37–4.37)	0.003
Male sex	3.50 (1.01–12.1)	0.05
BMI (per 5 kg/m²)	0.83 (0.55–1.27)	0.40
Waist-to-hip ratio (per unit increase)	2.04 (1.06–3.92)	0.03
Ethnicity		0.31
South Asian	1
Caucasian	1.64 (0.63–4.26)
African	0.45 (0.06–3.52)
Duration of T2DM (per 5 years)	1.36 (1.05–1.75)	0.02
Microvascular disease (Yes/no)	1.14 (0.45–2.88)	0.78
Retinopathy (Yes/no)	0.84 (0.32–2.25)	0.74
Hyperlipidaemia (Yes/no)	0.53 (0.20–1.40)	0.20
Hypertension (Yes/no)	1.21 (0.40–3.66)	0.74
Current smoker (Yes/no)	0.67 (0.09–5.03)	0.70
Statin use (Yes/no)	0.57 (0.23–1.48)	0.25
Family history of premature ischaemic heart disease (Yes/no)	0.75 (0.22–2.59)	0.65
SBP (per 10 mm Hg)	1.43 (1.11–1.84)	0.006
HbA_1c (per 10 mmol/mol)	1.10 (0.86–1.41)	0.44
eGFR (per 10 mL/min/1.73 m²)	0.82 (0.63–1.08)	0.17
CAC score(per log₁₀ AU)	3.17 (1.60–6.29)	0.001
Total cholesterol (per 10 mmol/L)	0.90 (0.53–1.51)	0.69
LDL-C (per 10 mmol/L)	1.06 (0.63–1.81)	0.82
HDL-C (per 10 mmol/L)	0.47 (0.12–1.77)	0.26
Triglycerides (per 10 mmol/L)	1.03 (0.69–1.54)	0.89
Total cholesterol: HDL-C ratio	1.33 (0.91–1.95)	0.13
Antidiabetic medication
Metformin	0.76 (0.09–5.88)	0.76
Sulphonylurea	0.96 (0.29–3.18)	0.94
Thiazolidinedione	22.74 (0.002–245,100)	0.51
GLP-1 agonists	1.835 (0.24–14.21)	0.56
DPP-4 inhibitors	2.67 (0.35–20.71)	0.35
Insulin	1.30 (0.50–3.36)	0.58
ACEis/ARB (Yes/no)	0.6 (0.19–1.86)	0.38
Plaque variables^a
Number of plaques	1.28 (1.13–1.45)	< 0.001
Presence of 50% plaque	8.09 (1.80–36.91)	0.007
Number of 50% plaques	1.32 (1.18–1.46)	< 0.001

Italics indicate a statistically significant association between the predictor variable and adverse CV events
ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; AU, Agatston Units; BMI, body mass index; CAC, coronary artery calcium; CI, confidence interval; CV, cardiovascular; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus
^aAnalysis excludes the 20 patients with CAC score > 1000 who did not undergo CTCA

Back to article page