Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients grouped by quartile of CV-FPG levels
Variables (% or mean ± SD) | Quartile of CV-FPG | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
Quartile range | ≤ 26.56 | 26.56–34.99 | 34.99–44.89 | > 44.89 |  |
n | 114 | 114 | 114 | 113 | Â |
Male, n (%) | 65 (57.01) | 44 (38.60) | 58 (50.88) | 51 (45.13) | 0.037 |
Age, years | 58.3 ± 13.3 | 60.9 ± 12.0 | 61.0 ± 12.0 | 60.2 ± 12.9 | 0.347 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 22.63 ± 5.20 | 22.08 ± 4.45 | 22.07 ± 5.22 | 22.10 ± 4.83 | 0.793 |
Baseline SBP, mmHg | 135.5 ± 12.8 | 134.1 ± 16.4 | 133.4 ± 16.8 | 133.8 ± 20.5 | 0.798 |
Baseline DBP, mmHg | 75.4 ± 12.8 | 75.2 ± 15.4 | 75.1 ± 13.6 | 73.4 ± 14.3 | 0.698 |
HR, bpm | 75.2 ± 12.8 | 75.3 ± 14.9 | 74.4 ± 14.2 | 81.5 ± 15.1 | < 0.001 |
Follow up time, years | 4.3 (3.8–5.6) | 4.5 (3.8–6.8) | 4.8 (4.0–6.1) | 5.0 (4.0–6.1) | 0.100 |
Blood biochemical indices | |||||
 Cr, μmol/L | 89.06 ± 40.85 | 107.72 ± 77.90 | 104.89 ± 78.12 | 98.81 ± 47.97 | 0.125 |
 eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 78.31 ± 31.23 | 72.65 ± 21.99 | 74.38 ± 27.86 | 73.00 ± 34.00 | 0.460 |
 BUN, μmol/L | 6.80 ± 2.32 | 7.59 ± 4.89 | 7.86 ± 4.33 | 7.16 ± 2.85 | 0.159 |
 UA, μmol/L | 361.61 ± 115.21 | 388.81 ± 177.93 | 376.29 ± 117.47 | 384.97 ± 115.60 | 0.302 |
 TC, mmol/L | 4.50 ± 1.08 | 4.80 ± 1.34 | 4.80 ± 1.14 | 4.92 ± 1.38 | 0.071 |
 TG, mmol/L | 1.78 (1.30–3.84) | 3.03 (1.65–4.13) | 2.09 (1.28–3.25) | 2.78 (1.56–4.54) | 0.092 |
 HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.25 ± 0.35 | 1.23 ± 0.31 | 1.24 ± 0.31 | 1.23 ± 0.30 | 0.924 |
 LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.76 ± 0.96 | 3.05 ± 0.85 | 2.91 ± 0.82 | 3.00 ± 0.92 | 0.068 |
Lifestyles, n (%) | |||||
 Smoking, n (%) | 25 (21.93) | 32 (28.07) | 38 (33.33) | 34 (30.09) | 0.275 |
 Alcohol, n (%) | 25 (21.93) | 32 (28.07) | 34 (29.82) | 26 (23.01) | 0.453 |
Diabetes-related variables | |||||
 Diabetes duration, years | 3.35 (1.40–8.00) | 6.80 (3.40–10.15) | 8.75 (3.08–14.25) | 5.60 (2.00–10.90) | < 0.001 |
 Mean of FPG, mmol/L | 7.26 ± 1.64 | 7.47 ± 1.41 | 7.31 ± 1.58 | 6.94 ± 1.50 | 0.073 |
 CV-FPG, % | 20.77 ± 4.73 | 30.94 ± 2.53 | 39.56 ± 2.99 | 56.77 ± 9.31 | < 0.001 |
 Minimum FPG, mmol/L | 4.1 | 5.25 | 4.03 | 3.5 | – |
 Maximum FPG, mmol/L | 11.62 | 11.91 | 10.96 | 11.13 | – |
 Mean of PBG, mmol/L | 8.86 ± 1.55 | 8.97 ± 1.41 | 8.88 ± 1.49 | 8.51 ± 1.40 | 0.091 |
CV-PBG, % | 21.29 ± 6.04 | 23.67 ± 5.51 | 29.33 ± 7.57 | 37.66 ± 9.84 | < 0.001 |
 Mean of HbA1c, % | 6.76 ± 0.95 | 6.98 ± 0.96 | 6.89 ± 0.91 | 7.41 ± 1.23 | < 0.001 |
 CV-HbA1c, % | 19.62 ± 6.67 | 21.29 ± 7.72 | 22.13 ± 10.29 | 23.43 ± 6.84 | 0.004 |
 FCP, nmol/L | 1.72 ± 1.10 | 1.95 ± 1.33 | 1.73 ± 0.90 | 1.85 ± 1.26 | 0.373 |
 2 h-PCP, nmol/L | 4.96 ± 2.64 | 4.99 ± 2.27 | 4.55 ± 2.23 | 4.66 ± 2.44 | 0.414 |
 Fasting insulin, mu/L | 74.27 ± 44.86 | 80.09 ± 47.57 | 66.80 ± 39.64 | 77.40 ± 48.46 | 0.140 |
 2 h-insulin, mu/L | 228.47 ± 138.98 | 241.32 ± 159.14 | 208.21 ± 142.37 | 222.65 ± 149.47 | 0.399 |
 HOMA-IR | 18.92 (11.78–33.42) | 21.89 (13.00–36.11) | 18.10 (11.48–26.26) | 18.58 (11.57–31.63) | 0.078 |
 UACR, mg/g | 4.13 (2.53–8.80) | 4.80 (2.53–11.17) | 4.73 (2.60–7.67) | 4.13 (2.79–8.50) | 0.721 |
 Hypoglycemia rates, % | 33 (28.9) | 29 (25.4) | 37 (32.5) | 29 (25.7) | 0.606 |
Medications, n (%) | |||||
 Insulin, n (%) | 53 (46.5) | 62 (54.4) | 69 (60.5) | 77 (68.1) | 0.008 |
 OADs, n (%) | 91 (79.8) | 89 (78.1) | 85 (74.6) | 80 (70.8) | 0.397 |
 Sulfonylureas, n (%) | 22 (19.30) | 22 (19.30) | 28 (24.56) | 20 (17.70) | 0.594 |
 Glinides, n (%) | 7 (6.14) | 7 (6.14) | 2 (1.75) | 2 (1.77) | 0.125 |
 Metformin, n (%) | 56 (49.12) | 54 (47.37) | 56 (49.12) | 43 (38.05) | 0.278 |
 Thiazolidinediones, n (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
 Glucosidase inhibitor, n (%) | 42 (36.84) | 39 (34.21) | 37 (32.46) | 38 (33.63) | 0.914 |
 DPP-4 inhibitors/GLP-1 receptor agonists, n (%) | 10 (8.77) | 13 (11.40) | 11(9.65) | 10 (8.85) | 0.900 |
 Anti-platelet, n (%) | 55 (48.25) | 57 (50.00) | 58 (50.88) | 60 (53.10) | 0.907 |
 Statin, n (%) | 60 (52.63) | 58 (50.88) | 69 (60.53) | 59 (52.21) | 0.452 |
 ACEI/ARB, n (%) | 51 (44.74) | 42 (36.84) | 53 (46.49) | 55 (48.67) | 0.299 |
 β_blocker, n (%) | 47 (41.23) | 44 (38.60) | 35 (30.70) | 44 (38.94) | 0.379 |
 CCB, n (%) | 47 (41.23) | 61 (53.51) | 46 (40.35) | 38 (33.63) | 0.022 |
 Diuretic, n (%) | 29 (25.44) | 32 (28.07) | 36 (31.58) | 29 (25.66) | 0.708 |
Comorbidity, n (%) | |||||
 CAD, n (%) | 37 (32.46) | 38 (33.33) | 38 (33.33) | 37 (32.74) | 0.999 |
 Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 52 (45.61) | 54 (47.37) | 55 (48.25) | 52 (46.02) | 0.977 |
 Hypertension, n (%) | 52 (45.61) | 55 (48.25) | 48 (42.11) | 63 (55.75) | 0.206 |