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Table 1 Comparison of patient characteristics in relation to citrullinated histone 3 (H3Cit) and cell-free deoxyribonucleic acid (cfDNA)

From: Predictors of neutrophil extracellular traps markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus: associations with a prothrombotic state and hypofibrinolysis

Variable

Patients with H3Cit ≥ 7.36 ng/mL (n = 28)

Patients without H3Cit < 7.36 ng/mL (n = 84*)

p-value

Patients with cfDNA ≥ 2.84 µg/mL (n = 28)

Patients with cfDNA < 2.84 µg/mL (n = 84*)

p-value

Demographic data

 Age, years

64.6 ± 7.1

63.5 ± 8.6

0.52

63.1 ± 7.4

64.0 ± 8.5

0.63

 Male gender, n (%)

11 (39.3)

47 (55.9)

0.12

13 (46.4)

45 (53.6)

0.51

 BMI, kg/m2

30.5 (27.4–37.8)

32.5 (29.6–36.8)

0.11

32.1 (29.5–37.7)

32.0 (29.1–36.2)

0.61

Type 2 diabetes data

 HbA1c, %

7.55 (6.23–8.58)

6.80 (6.00–8.20)

0.18

7.80 (6.73–8.90)

6.70 (6.00–8.00)

0.006

 HbA1c, mmol/mol

57.0 (43.0–69.4)

51.0 (42.0–66.1)

0.29

61.0 (50.0–70.5)

50.0 (41.0–64.0)

0.010

 Time since type 2 diabetes diagnosis, years

7.5 (5.0–17.5)

7.0 (2.3–12.8)

0.16

7.0 (5.0–18.5)

7.0 (2.5–12.0)

0.19

Comorbidities, n (%)

 Current or former smoking

14 (50.0)

48 (56.5)

0.66

13 (46.4)

49 (57.6)

0.38

 Arterial hypertension

27 (96.4)

77 (91.7)

0.68

27 (96.4)

77 (91.7)

0.68

 Cardiovascular disease

16 (57.1)

36 (42.9)

0.19

15 (53.6)

37 (44.1)

0.38

 Previous myocardial infarction

11 (39.3)

9 (10.7)

< 0.001

10 (35.7)

11 (12.9)

0.004

 Family history of cardiovascular disease

9 (32.1)

21 (25.0)

0.46

4 (14.3)

26 (31.0)

0.63

 Heart failure

4 (14.3)

4 (4.8)

0.11

3 (10.7)

5 (6.0)

0.41

 GFR ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2

4 (14.3)

12 (14.5)

1.0

6 (21.4)

10 (12.1)

0.22

 ACR ≥ 30 mg/g creatinine

6 (21.4)

15 (17.9)

0.74

3 (10.7)

18 (21.2)

0.18

Medication, n (%)

 Aspirin

18 (64.3)

55 (65.5)

0.91

19 (67.9)

54 (64.3)

0.73

 Clopidogrel

4 (14.3)

5 (5.9)

0.22

4 (14.3)

5 (5.9)

0.22

 β-blocker

20 (71.4)

61 (72.6)

0.90

21 (75.0)

60 (71.4)

0.71

 Statin

19 (67.9)

55 (65.5)

0.82

19 (67.9)

55 (65.5)

0.81

 ACEI

16 (57.1)

46 (54.8)

0.83

18 (64.3)

44 (52.3)

0.27

 Angiotensin receptor blocker

11 (39.3)

24 (28.6)

0.29

8 (28.6)

27 (32.1)

0.72

 Calcium antagonist

15 (53.6)

33 (39.3)

0.19

13 (46.4)

35 (41.7)

0.66

 Thiazide diuretics

10 (35.7)

26 (30.9)

0.64

9 (32.1)

27 (32.1)

1.0

 Indapamide

5 (17.9)

21 (25.0)

0.44

5 (17.9)

21 (25.0)

0.44

 Loop diuretics

7 (25.0)

14 (16.7)

0.33

7 (25.0)

14 (16.7)

0.33

Hypoglycemic treatment, n (%)

 No hypoglycemic drugs

0 (0)

8 (9.5)

0.20

1 (3.6)

7 (8.3)

0.68

 Oral drug

16 (57.1)

44 (52.4)

0.39

15 (53.5)

45 (53.6)

0.78

 Insulin

3 (10.8)

9 (10.7)

0.66

3 (10.8)

9 (10.7)

0.66

 Insulin and oral drug

9 (32.1)

23 (27.4)

0.63

9 (32.1)

23 (27.4)

0.64

Laboratory investigations

 White blood cells count, × 106/L

6.77 (5.72–8.87)

7.32 (6.45–8.49)

0.36

6.72 (5.78–8.17)

7.32 (6.45–8.54)

0.19

 Hemoglobin, g/dL

13.4 (12.5–14.2)

13.9 (13.0–14.7)

0.03

13.4 (12.5–14.0)

14.0 (130–14.8)

0.014

 Platelet count, × 109/L

227.5 (198–270)

230.0 (185–272)

0.94

2167 (191–251)

232 (186–278)

0.42

 Fasting glucose, mmol/L

7.40 (6.63–8.80)

7.14 (5.82–8.44)

0.28

8.07 (7.05–11.11)

6.70 (5.80–7.90)

< 0.001

 GFR, mL/min/m2

86.5 (73.0–92.5)

82.0 (68.5–92.0)

0.42

80.5 (67.0–92.0)

84.5 (71.0–92.5)

0.17

 Alanine aminotransferase, U/L

24.0 (18.0–37.5)

26.5 (21.0–40.8)

0.30

27.5 (20.0–39.0)

26.0 (20.0–40.0)

0.58

 Total cholesterol, mmol/L

3.94 (3.45–5.48)

4.26 (3.50–5.27)

0.79

4.09 (3.76–5.12)

4.23 (3.40–5.50)

0.85

 LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L

2.29 (1.75–3.81)

2.54 (1.17–3.43)

0.80

2.40 (1.76–3.41)

2.57 (1.80–3.57)

0.39

 HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L

1.35 (1.09–1.49)

1.14 (0.98–1.45)

0.11

1.22 (1.00–1.45)

1.15 (1.03–1.48)

0.76

 Triglycerides, mmol/L

1.49 (1.06–1.87)

1.54 (1.19–2.10)

0.29

1.74 (1.26–5.62)

1.48 (1.16–1.89)

0.12

 C-reactive protein, mg/L

2.90 (1.09–4.75)

2.33 (1.20–5.14)

0.94

3.43 (1.26–5.62)

2.33 (1.11–4.22)

0.26

  1. Values are given as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range)
  2. BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; ACEI, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein
  3. * Data on H3Cit and cfDNA levels were missing for one patient