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Table 2 Urine parameters of Zucker Lean Control (ZLC) and Zucker Obese (ZO) rats after 9 weeks of treatment

From: The combination of a neprilysin inhibitor (sacubitril) and angiotensin-II receptor blocker (valsartan) attenuates glomerular and tubular injury in the Zucker Obese rat

Parameter

ZLC (6)

ZOC (10)

ZOSV (10)

ZOV (10)

ZOH (9)

Proteinuria (mg mgCr−1)

4.3 ± 1.4

16.7 ± 3.0*

8.9 ± 1.5ab§

11.6 ± 2.8§

21.4 ± 4.2*

Creatinine (mg dL−1)

335 ± 65

174 ± 16*

184 ± 20*

167 ± 16*

148 ± 13*

Protein (mg dL−1)

1061 ± 314

2808 ± 446*

1632 ± 304†§

1889 ± 392

2986 ± 510*

Urine volume (mL)

7.7 ± 0.9

17.0 ± 3.5

16.8 ± 3.4

17.9 ± 2.9

17.4 ± 2.1

Protein excretion (mg day−1)

91 ± 0

396 ± 6*

203 ± 59†§

301 ± 62§

489 ± 83*

Albuminuria (mg gCr−1)

29.9 ± 8.6

43.2 ± 6.3

33.6 ± 7.5

46.1 ± 6.8

62.7 ± 13.4

Sodium excretion (mmol day−1 g BW−1)

1.37 ± 0.16

2.04 ± 0.41

2.11 ± 0.46

2.40 ± 0.34a

2.67 ± 0.20a

β-NAG (U mgCr−1)

0.020 ± 0.002

0.042 ± 0.007*

0.038 ± 0.004a

0.038 ± 0.003a

0.061 ± 0.008*

GGT (U mgCr−1)

0.05 ± 0.1

0.31 ± 0.1a

0.27 ± 0.1

0.23 ± 0.1

0.21 ± 0.2

IP-10 (pg mgCr−1)

0.85 ± 0.11

1.26 ± 0.22

1.35 ± 0.15

1.10 ± 0.20

1.06 ± 0.15

Calbindin (ng mgCr−1)

0.25 ± 0.03

0.35 ± 0.07

0.29 ± 0.07

0.38 ± 0.06

0.26 ± 0.04

Clusterin (ng mgCr−1)

1.54 ± 0.24

4.70 ± 0.49*

3.15 ± 0.37*†

3.62 ± 0.34*†

3.74 ± 0.27*

KIM-1 (ng mgCr−1)

0.006 ± 0.002

0.021 ± 0.003*

0.013 ± 0.002b§

0.015 ± 0.003*

0.021 ± 0.004*

TIMP-1 (ng mgCr−1)

0.16 ± 0.08

0.57 ± 0.15a

0.36 ± 0.10

0.37 ± 0.08

0.43 ± 0.12

VEGF (ng mgCr−1)

0.010 ± 0.00

0.015 ± 0.00

0.012 ± 0.00

0.015 ± 0.00

0.011 ± 0.00

  1. ZOC, ZO control; ZOSV, ZO treated with Sac/val; ZOV, ZO treated with valsartan; ZOH, ZO treated with hydralazine; β-NAG, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminadase; GGT, γ-glutamyl transferase; IP-10, interferon gamma (IFN-γ)-inducible protein; KIM-1, kidney injury molecule-1; TIMP-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
  2. Sac/val (ZOSV) prevents proteinuria and improves select urine markers of kidney injury, including clusterin and KIM-1. Values are mean ± SE, n = 6–10 (sample sizes shown in parentheses). ANOVA post hoc comparisons: * P < 0.05 versus ZLC; † P < 0.05 versus ZOC; § P < 0.05 versus ZOH. Two-tailed t-tests; a P < 0.05 versus ZLC; b P < 0.05 versus ZOC