Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the study population

Age, years

54 ± 7

57 ± 9

58 ± 6

61 ± 6*

Male, n (%)

17 (47%)

5 (56%)

3 (33%)

13 (68%)

Body mass index (kg/m²)

25.2 ± 3.3

26.4 ± 4.2

29.4 ± 4.8*

30.9 ± 4.4*^†

Smoking status current/past/never, n

3/7/26

0/0/9

1/2/7

0/11/8*^†

SBP, mmHg

128 ± 9

140 ± 11*

134 ± 10

140 ± 15*

DBP, mmHg

80 ± 8

87 ± 5

83 ± 9

82 ± 10

MBP, mmHg

96 ± 1

104 ± 2*

100 ± 3

101 ± 2

Heart rate, bpm

67 ± 11

64 ± 13

71 ± 11

72 ± 10

LDL cholesterol, mg/dL

119 ± 46

125 ± 36

116 ± 25

87 ± 30*

HDL cholesterol, mg/dL

81 ± 41

58 ± 17

61 ± 25

53 ± 16*

Triglycerides, mg/dL

94 ± 40

116 ± 53

135 ± 68

117 ± 43

Fasting glucose, mg/dL

93 ± 9

97 ± 12

142 ± 22*^†

130 ± 28*^†

Insulinemia,

58 ± 31

91 ± 54

98 ± 55

121 ± 73*

Hb1Ac, mmol/L

–

–

8.8 ± 0.7

8.3 ± 0.7

TyG index

4.50 ± 0.22

4.62 ± 0.24

4.85 ± 0.27*

4.79 ± 0.19*

Creatinemia, µmol/L

73 ± 12

78 ± 19

63 ± 14

80 ± 12

Urinary ACR, mg/mmol

0.72 ± 0.46

1.23 ± 0.67

1.33 ± 1.19

1.31 ± 0.96

Blood viscosity, cP

4.3 ± 0.5

4.4 ± 0.7

4.4 ± 0.6

3.9 ± 0.5

Statins, n (%)

1 (3%)

3 (33%)*

2 (20%)

14 (74%)*^‡

Antihypertensive agents, n (%)

 ACEi/ARB

–

7 (78%)

–

14 (74%)

 CCB

–

2 (20%)

–

12 (63%)

 Beta-blockers

–

1 (11%)

–

2 (11%)

 Diuretics

–

0 (0%)

–

8 (42%)^†

Hypoglycemic agents, n (%)

 Metformin

–

–

10 (100%)

15 (79%)

 Sulfamides/glinides

–

–

2 (20%)

8 (42%)

 DPP-4 inhibitors/GLP-1 agonists

–

–

4 (40%)

9 (47%)