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Table 3 Intention-to-treat analysis on hemodynamic, structural and functional arterial indices

From: Effects of combined training with different intensities on vascular health in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 1-year randomized controlled trial

Outcome

Control (n = 22)

MCT (n = 16)

HIIT (n = 13)

MCT*Control

HIIT*Control

MCT*HIIT

Baseline

12 months

Baseline

12 months

Baseline

12 months

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

SBP (mmHg)

136.8 ± 13.4

131.5 ± 20.6

139.9 ± 13.5

134.6 ± 18.0

142.2 ± 18.3

135.7 ± 19.3†

− 0.04 (− 0.74; 0.66)

0.04 (− 0.65; 0.73)

− 0.08 (− 0.75; 0.60)

DBP (mmHg)

81.2 ± 10.5

77.5 ± 11.1†

82.0 ± 8.8

79.3 ± 10.1

82.6 ± 10.3

78.4 ± 10.1†

0.07 (− 0.34; 0.48)

− 0.03 (− 0.35; 0.29)

0.10 (− 0.29; 0.49)

Carotid IMT (mm)

716.5 ± 120.6

746.7 ± 109.7†

723.1 ± 142.5

703.1 ± 106.8

713.2 ± 175.8

700.2 ± 151.6

− 4.25 (− 7.38; − 1.12)*

− 3.61 (− 6.15; − 1.07)*

− 0.64 (− 4.06; 2.78)

Carotid DC

0.019 ± 0.006

0.016 ± 0.006†

0.018 ± 0.008

0.018 ± 0.008

0.017 ± 0.006

0.018 ± 0.006

0.00 (− 0.00; 0.00)

0.00 (0.00; 0.00)*

0.00 (− 0.00; 0.00)

Carotid β SI

11.3 ± 4.2

13.4 ± 6.2†

11.7 ± 4.1

12.6 ± 4.8

11.8 ± 4.3

12.2 ± 4.9

− 0.09 (− 0.23; 0.05)

− 0.14 (− 0.28; 0.01)

0.05 (− 0.10; 0.19)

Carotid SBP (mmHg)

121.5 ± 16.0

119.4 ± 14.8

126.2 ± 12.5

121.8 ± 14.7†

126.0 ± 17.6

124.0 ± 16.4

− 0.20 (− 0.65; 0.25)

0.01 (− 0.50; 0.52)

− 0.21 (− 0.75; 0.33)

Carotid DBP (mmHg)

75.4 ± 9.0

73.6 ± 9.8

77.7 ± 8.3

74.9 ± 7.3†

76.9 ± 8.7

76.4 ± 9.3

− 0.11 (− 0.43; 0.22)

0.12 (− 0.28; 0.51)

− 0.22 (− 0.60; 0.16)

CF PWV (m/s)

12.9 ± 4.4

13.5 ± 4.1

13.0 ± 3.3

14.0 ± 3.5†

13.2 ± 3.7

13.9 ± 4.1

0.03 (− 0.09; 0.14)

− 0.00 (− 0.11; 0.10)

0.03 (− 0.07; 0.13)

CD PWV (m/s)

9.2 ± 2.0

10.1 ± 1.8

10.1 ± 1.8

10.1 ± 1.5

10.2 ± 2.7

9.5 ± 2.7

− 0.08 (− 0.17; 0.02)

− 0.14 (− 0.24; − 0.04)*

0.06 (− 0.03; 0.15)

CR PWV (m/s)

8.9 ± 2.3

9.0 ± 2.1

9.4 ± 1.4

9.2 ± 1.7

10.3 ± 2.2

9.3 ± 2.3

− 0.03 (− 0.11; 0.06)

− 0.10 (− 0.19; − 0.00)*

0.07 (− 0.03; 0.17)

VO2peak (ml/kg/min)

25.9 ± 5.5

24.4 ± 5.4

24.1 ± 3.2

24.9 ± 4.1

27.1 ± 6.3

26.5 ± 6.0

0.19 (0.03; 0.34)*

0.05 (− 0.076; 0.64)

0.12 (0.01; 0.22)*

  1. Betas are presented as unstandardized coefficients adjusted for sex, baseline MVPA, and MAP changes, with the respective 95% confidence intervals
  2. CD carotid distensibility, CD PWV carotid distal pulse wave velocity, CF PWV carotid femoral pulse wave velocity, CR PWV carotid radial pulse wave velocity, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HIIT high intensity interval training, IMT intima media thickness, MCT moderate continuous training, SBP systolic blood pressure, SI stiffness index, VO2peak peak oxygen uptake
  3. * Between-group changes significant at p < 0.05
  4. †Within-group changes significant at p < 0.05