Table 2 Hemodynamic, structural and functional arterial indices at baseline and following 12 months: within and between group changes using the per-protocol analysis

136.5 ± 12.6

130.6 ± 21.4

135.6 ± 13.6

130.9 ± 19.2

137.8 ± 17.0

130.7 ± 16.1^†

0.08 (− 0.79; 0.94)

0.09 (− 0.73; 0.90)

− 0.01 (− 0.85; 0.83)

80.1 ± 9.3

77.4 ± 10.8

81.2 ± 9.6

78.2 ± 9.1

80.2 ± 9.1

74.5 ± 6.3^†

− 0.01 (− 0.50; 0.47)

− 0.22 (− 0.61; 0.16)

0.21 (− 0.29; 0.72)

714.9 ± 130.7

751.2 ± 119.4^†

737.9 ± 158.4

712.3 ± 110.8

733.6 ± 159.0

724.1 ± 119.2

− 5.04 (− 9.57; − 0.50)*

− 3.70 (− 7.38; − 0.01)*

− 1.34 (− 6.62; 3.93)

0.018 ± 0.007

0.015 ± 0.007

0.019 ± 0.009

0.018 ± 0.009

0.018 ± 0.006

0.019 ± 0.007

0.00 (− 0.00; 0.00)

0.00 (0.00; 0.00)*

0.00 (− 0.00; 0.00)

11.9 ± 4.5

14.2 ± 6.8^†

11.2 ± 4.1

12.3 ± 4.9

11.9 ± 5.1

12.6 ± 6.2

− 0.11 (− 0.31; 0.09)

− 0.15 (− 0.35; 0.06)

0.04 (− 0.19; 0.27)

120.9 ± 15.3

117.7 ± 13.9

124.2 ± 13.0

117.2 ± 11.9^†

123.8 ± 14.3

121.4 ± 12.3

− 0.31 (− 0.85; 0.23)

0.08 (− 0.57; 0.73)

− 0.39 (− 1.07; 0.29)

73.7 ± 7.0

70.9 ± 7.7

77.3 ± 9.4

73.1 ± 5.9^†

75.9 ± 9.3

74.9 ± 6.2

− 0.13 (− 0.55; 0.28)

0.15 (− 0.41; 0.71)

− 0.29 (− 0.84; 0.27)

13.1 ± 4.8

14.0 ± 4.3

13.3 ± 3.8

14.3 ± 3.9

12.8 ± 4.0

13.5 ± 4.7

0.01 (− 0.15; 0.18)

− 0.02 (− 0.17; 0.13)

0.03 (− 0.14; 0.19)

9.0 ± 1.8

10.3 ± 1.7^†

9.9 ± 2.0

9.7 ± 1.4

9.7 ± 1.5

8.6 ± 2.0^†

− 0.12 (− 0.24; 0.00)

− 0.20 (− 0.31; − 0.09)*

0.08 (− 0.03; 0.18)

9.2 ± 1.9

9.3 ± 1.5

9.6 ± 1.6

9.0 ± 2.1

9.5 ± 1.4

8.3 ± 1.9

− 0.06 (− 0.18; 0.06)

− 0.11 (− 0.25; 0.03)

0.05 (− 0.11; 0.20)

25.5 ± 5.5

24.4 ± 5.7

24.0 ± 3.6

25.1 ± 4.9

28.0 ± 7.0

27.0 ± 6.9

0.21 (0.05; 0.37) *

0.02 (− 0.13; 0.17)

0.19 (0.04; 0.35)*