Table 2 Change in clinical variables and indices of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy over 2–3 years
Change in variables (Δ) | Non-recovery (n = 532) | Recovery (n = 227) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Δ Body weight (kg) | − 0.1 ± 3.3 | − 0.7 ± 3.4 | 0.047 |
Δ Body mass index (kg/m2) | − 0.1 ± 1.2 | − 0.2 ± 1.2 | 0.217 |
Δ Systolic BP (mmHg) | − 8.4 ± 17.4 | − 6.7 ± 18.0 | 0.218 |
Δ Diastolic BP (mmHg) | − 1.5 ± 29.7 | − 1.6 ± 11.0 | 0.935 |
Δ Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | − 6.8 ± 31.6 | − 9.9 ± 38.7 | 0.245 |
Δ Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 5.1 ± 58.4 | − 2.7 ± 75.8 | 0.126 |
Δ HDL-C (mg/dL) | 2.6 ± 24.9 | 0.9 ± 11.3 | 0.340 |
Δ LDL-C (mg/dL) | − 5.9 ± 34.1 | − 9.3 ± 33.6 | 0.212 |
Δ Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | − 6.7 ± 66.7 | − 9.8 ± 58.7 | 0.540 |
Change in HbA1c | |||
 ΔHbA1c (%) | 0.18 ± 1.18 | − 0.26 ± 1.23 | < 0.001 |
 Mean HbA1c (%) | 7.1 ± 1.0 | 7.1 ± 0.9 | 0.850 |
 Adjusted SD of HbA1c (%)a | 0.50 ± 0.45 | 0.48 ± 0.40 | 0.521 |
 CV of HbA1c | 6.7 ± 5.8 | 6.4 ± 4.7 | 0.397 |
Change in medication | |||
 Δ Use of insulin, n (%) | 24 (4.5) | 13 (5.7) | 0.477 |
 Δ Use of oral anti-diabetes drug, n (%) | 205 (38.5) | 113 (49.8) | 0.004 |
 Δ Use of statin, n (%) | 96 (18.0) | 41 (18.1) | 0.996 |
 Δ Use of anti-hypertensive drug, n (%) | 133 (25.0) | 47 (20.8) | 0.214 |
 Δ Use of anti-platelet/anti-coagulant, n (%) | 88 (16.5) | 27 (11.9) | 0.107 |
Change in indices of heart rate variability | |||
 Δ Ln SDNN (ms) | − 0.02 ± 0.52 | 0.15 ± 0.45 | < 0.001 |
 Δ Ln RMSSD (ms) | − 0.03 ± 0.64 | 0.02 ± 0.59 | 0.302 |
 Δ Ln LF (ms2) | 0.33 ± 1.04 | 0.40 ± 1.07 | 0.341 |
 Δ Ln HF (ms2) | − 0.04 ± 1.22 | 0.04 ± 1.06 | 0.384 |
 Δ Ln LF:HF | 0.08 ± 1.23 | − 0.18 ± 1.23 | 0.009 |
Δ Total CAN score | 0.1 ± 0.4 | − 1.1 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 |