Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to recovery from cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in subjects with type 2 diabetes
|  | Non-recovery (n = 532) | Recovery (n = 227) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 61.4 ± 7.9 | 53.3 ± 10.8 | < 0.001 |
Male, n (%) | 294 (55.3) | 147 (64.8) | 0.015 |
Body weight (kg) | 65.8 ± 10.1 | 68.8 ± 12.7 | 0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.9 ± 3.0 | 25.0 ± 3.4 | 0.783 |
Any use of alcohol, n (%) | 69 (13.0) | 39 (17.2) | 0.129 |
Current smoker, n (%) | 84 (15.8) | 32 (14.1) | 0.554 |
Duration of diabetes (years) | 11.5 ± 7.4 | 8.4 ± 6.2 | < 0.001 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 127.1 ± 15.7 | 125.2 ± 15.1 | 0.127 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 76.2 ± 10.6 | 78.4 ± 11.7 | 0.010 |
Lipid profiles (mg/dL) | |||
 Total cholesterol | 157.9 ± 28.8 | 161.5 ± 31.0 | 0.125 |
 Triglycerides | 123.2 ± 55.1 | 136.4 ± 75.1 | 0.007 |
 HDL-C | 51.4 ± 13.3 | 51.4 ± 13.6 | 0.937 |
 LDL-C | 91.2 ± 25.6 | 93.5 ± 25.8 | 0.243 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 144.7 ± 62.2 | 150.7 ± 52.7 | 0.204 |
HbA1c (%) | 7.4 ± 4.9 | 7.4 ± 1.6 | 0.939 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 57.8 ± 53.2 | 57.5 ± 17.3 | 0.939 |
Fasting C-peptide (ng/ml)a | 2.2 ± 1.0 | 2.4 ± 1.2 | 0.041 |
Estimated GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 79.8 ± 16.0 | 84.5 ± 16.2 | < 0.001 |
Other diabetic complications | |||
 Presence of retinopathy, n (%)b | 93 (18.2) | 27 (12.4) | 0.054 |
 Presence of micro/macroalbuminuria, n (%) | 96 (18.0) | 27 (11.9) | 0.035 |
 Mean CIMT (mm)c | 0.79 ± 0.21 | 0.71 ± 0.19 | < 0.001 |
Use of insulin, n (%) | 53 (10.0) | 24 (10.6) | 0.799 |
Use of oral anti-diabetes drug, n (%) | 501 (94.2) | 210 (92.5) | 0.390 |
Use of statin, n (%) | 346 (65.0) | 130 (57.3) | 0.043 |
Use of anti-hypertensive drug, n (%) | 260 (48.9) | 75 (33.0) | < 0.001 |
 ACE inhibitor or ARB | 225 (42.3) | 66 (29.1) | 0.001 |
 Calcium channel blocker | 102 (19.2) | 23 (10.1) | 0.002 |
 Thiazide | 83 (15.6) | 23 (10.1) | 0.109 |
 Beta-blocker | 27 (5.1) | 10 (4.4) | 0.695 |
 Diuretics | 83 (15.6) | 23 (10.1) | 0.028 |
Use of anti-platelet/anti-coagulant | 244 (45.9) | 62 (27.3) | < 0.001 |
Indices of heart rate variability | |||
 Ln SDNN (ms) | 3.0 ± 0.5 | 3.1 ± 0.5 | 0.061 |
 Ln RMSSD (ms) | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 0.137 |
 Ln LF (ms2) | 4.0 ± 1.2 | 4.2 ± 1.2 | 0.097 |
 Ln HF (ms2) | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 3.9 ± 1.2 | 0.052 |
 Ln LF:HF | 0.3 ± 1.0 | 0.4 ± 1.0 | 0.195 |
Total CAN score | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.751 |