Table 1 Baseline characteristics and endpoints incidence of all diabetic patients and divided into tertiles of common carotid artery intima-media thickness
Characteristics | All patients (n = 478) | 1st-tertile CCA-IMT ≤ 0.95 mm (n = 149) | 2nd-tertile CCA-IMT 1.00–1.10 mm (n = 186) | 3rd-tertile CCA-IMT ≥ 1.15 mm (n = 143) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 60.0 (9.1) | 55.3 (9.4) | 60.7 (8.5) | 63.8 (7.3) | < 0.001 |
Male sex (%) | 36.0 | 27.5 | 37.1 | 43.4 | 0.017 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 29.5 (4.8) | 29.7 (5.1) | 29.8 (4.7) | 29.0 (4.8) | 0.23 |
Smoking, current/past (%) | 44.2 | 38.9 | 40.5 | 54.5 | 0.012 |
Physical activity (% active) | 22.1 | 24.2 | 23.1 | 23.2 | 0.91 |
Diabetes duration (years) | 8 (3–15) | 6 (3–15) | 8 (4–16) | 10 (4–15) | 0.12 |
Chronic diabetic complications (%) | |||||
 Cerebrovascular disease | 9.0 | 2.0 | 9.1 | 16.1 | < 0.001 |
 Coronary artery disease | 16.1 | 11.4 | 16.7 | 20.3 | 0.11 |
 Peripheral artery disease | 16.5 | 7.4 | 11.8 | 32.2 | < 0.001 |
 Retinopathy | 33.5 | 28.9 | 34.4 | 37.1 | 0.31 |
 Nephropathy | 29.3 | 26.8 | 30.1 | 30.8 | 0.73 |
 Peripheral neuropathy | 29.9 | 24.2 | 28.5 | 37.8 | 0.035 |
Diabetes treatment (%) | |||||
 Metformin | 88.1 | 87.9 | 90.9 | 84.6 | 0.22 |
 Sulfonylureas | 43.7 | 43.6 | 46.2 | 40.6 | 0.59 |
 Insulin | 48.1 | 47.7 | 44.6 | 53.1 | 0.31 |
 Aspirin | 92.2 | 91.8 | 91.9 | 93.0 | 0.92 |
Dyslipidemia (%) | 88.1 | 87.9 | 88.2 | 88.1 | 0.99 |
 Statins use (%) | 77.0 | 75.2 | 75.3 | 81.1 | 0.37 |
Arterial hypertension (%) | 85.8 | 77.9 | 89.2 | 89.5 | 0.004 |
 Number of anti-hypertensive drugs | 3 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 3 (1–3) | 3 (2–4) | < 0.001 |
Blood pressures (mmHg)a | |||||
 Clinic SBP | 140 (19) | 135 (16) | 142 (19) | 144 (19) | < 0.001 |
 Clinic DBP | 79 (10) | 79 (9) | 79 (12) | 78 (10) | 0.70 |
Laboratory variablesa | |||||
 Fasting glycemia (mmol/l) | 8.1 (2.7) | 8.0 (2.8) | 7.8 (2.8) | 8.4 (2.6) | 0.14 |
 HbA1c (%) | 7.7 (1.5) | 7.6 (1.4) | 7.6 (1.6) | 7.8 (1.5) | 0.28 |
 Triacylglycerol (mmol/l) | 1.9 (1.5) | 1.9 (1.4) | 2.0 (1.7) | 1.8 (1.1) | 0.72 |
 HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.3) | 0.80 |
 LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.8 (0.9) | 2.7 (0.9) | 2.7 (0.7) | 3.0 (0.9) | 0.018 |
 Glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 82 (20) | 88 (19) | 81 (20) | 76 (20) | < 0.001 |
 Albuminuria (mg/24 h) | 14 (7–38) | 12 (7–38) | 13 (7–36) | 16 (8–41) | 0.32 |
Outcomesb | |||||
 Total CVEs | 116 (25.8) | 19 (12.6) | 46 (26.4) | 51 (41.1) | < 0.001 |
 All-cause mortality | 115 (23.8) | 26 (16.8) | 43 (22.4) | 46 (33.7) | 0.006 |
 Cardiovascular mortality | 56 (11.6) | 9 (5.8) | 24 (12.5) | 23 (16.8) | 0.013 |
 Retinopathy (incident/worsening) (n = 425) | 131 (50.4) | 44 (50.5) | 44 (42.5) | 43 (62.2) | 0.18 |
 Renal composite | 156 (37.3) | 43 (32.3) | 63 (37.7) | 50 (42.5) | 0.15 |
 Peripheral neuropathy (incident/worsening) (n = 419) | 83 (19.8%) | 22 (16.3%) | 35 (20.7%) | 26 (22.6%) | 0.43 |