Table 1 Patient demographics and baseline characteristics, overall and according to region
|  | Total (N = 15,992) | Africa (n = 812) | Americas (n = 2002) | South-East Asia (n = 3360) | Europe (n = 3479) | Eastern Mediterranean (n = 2182) | Western Pacific (n = 4157) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proportion of overall population (%) | 100.0 | 5.1 | 12.5 | 21.0 | 21.8 | 13.6 | 26.0 |
Sex, male, n (%) | 8664 (54.2) | 306 (37.7) | 963 (48.1) | 1852 (55.1) | 1856 (53.4) | 1278 (58.6) | 2409 (58.0) |
Age, years, mean (SD) | 57.2 (12.0) | 54.9 (11.2) | 58.3 (11.8) | 53.1 (11.3) | 61.9 (10.9) | 53.8 (10.8) | 58.5 (12.6) |
Self-reported ethnicity, n (%) | |||||||
 Caucasian | 3917 (25.6) | 105 (12.9) | 480 (29.4) | 1 (0.0) | 3020 (94.8) | 165 (7.6) | 146 (3.5) |
 Black | 310 (2.0) | 235 (29.0) | 61 (3.7) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) |
 Mixed | 213 (1.4) | 91 (11.2) | 115 (7.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.1) |
 Asian | 7610 (49.7) | 177 (21.8) | 9 (0.6) | 3339 (99.5) | 20 (0.6) | 72 (3.3) | 3993 (96.1) |
 Hispanic | 942 (6.2) | 1 (0.1) | 928 (56.8) | 0 (0.0) | 11 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) |
 Arabic | 2151 (14.0) | 200 (24.7) | 4 (0.2) | 2 (0.1) | 12 (0.4) | 1933 (88.9) | 0 (0.0) |
 Other | 174 (1.1) | 2 (0.2) | 36 (2.2) | 15 (0.4) | 104 (3.3) | 5 (0.2) | 12 (0.3) |
If Asian | |||||||
 Chinese | 1604 (21.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (11.1) | 52 (1.6) | 2 (10.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1549 (38.8) |
 South Asian | 2602 (34.2) | 60 (33.9) | 2 (22.2) | 2406 (72.1) | 9 (47.4) | 46 (63.9) | 79 (2.0) |
 East Asian | 433 (5.7) | 22 (12.4) | 1 (11.1) | 48 (1.4) | 5 (26.3) | 16 (22.2) | 341 (8.5) |
 Other Asian | 2971 (39.0) | 95 (53.7) | 5 (55.6) | 833 (24.9) | 3 (15.8) | 10 (13.9) | 2025 (50.7) |
Time in formal education, n (%) | |||||||
 No formal education | 471 (3.2) | 57 (7.3) | 50 (3.2) | 26 (0.8) | 78 (2.5) | 158 (7.7) | 102 (2.7) |
 Primary (1–6 years) | 2295 (15.8) | 183 (23.3) | 442 (28.7) | 343 (10.4) | 588 (19.1) | 360 (17.6) | 379 (10.0) |
 Secondary (7–13 years) | 7190 (49.4) | 420 (53.5) | 587 (38.1) | 1431 (43.2) | 1781 (58.0) | 767 (37.5) | 2204 (58.0) |
 Higher (> 13 years) | 4599 (31.6) | 125 (15.9) | 463 (30.0) | 1514 (45.7) | 626 (20.4) | 759 (37.1) | 1112 (29.3) |
Diabetes duration since diagnosis, years | |||||||
 Mean (SD) | 5.6 (5.3) | 6.9 (5.7) | 6.2 (6.1) | 4.6 (4.1) | 6.6 (5.4) | 5.8 (5.1) | 5.1 (5.4) |
 Median (IQR) | 4.1 (1.9–7.9) | 5.7 (2.9–9.3) | 4.4 (1.9–8.7) | 3.4 (2.0–6.1) | 5.4 (2.7–9.1) | 4.2 (2.1–8.0) | 3.4 (1.0–7.6) |
HbA1c (%) | |||||||
 Mean (SD) | 8.3 (1.7) | 8.6 (1.9) | 8.5 (1.9) | 8.6 (1.7) | 8.1 (1.6) | 8.7 (1.6) | 8.1 (1.7) |
 Median (IQR) | 8.0 (7.2–9.1) | 8.0 (7.4–9.4) | 8.0 (7.2–9.4) | 8.3 (7.5–9.6) | 7.8 (7.2–8.7) | 8.3 (7.6–9.4) | 7.6 (7.0–8.7) |
BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 29.1 (5.9) | 30.6 (6.2) | 30.6 (6.1) | 27.3 (4.5) | 31.9 (6.1) | 31.1 (5.7) | 26.1 (5.0) |
Tobacco smoking, n (%) | |||||||
 Nonsmoker | 10,831 (69.4) | 633 (78.9) | 1299 (66.1) | 3066 (91.7) | 2001 (59.9) | 1579 (74.0) | 2253 (56.1) |
 Ex-smoker | 2537 (16.3) | 93 (11.6) | 460 (23.4) | 128 (3.8) | 791 (23.7) | 189 (8.9) | 876 (21.8) |
 Current smoker | 2232 (14.3) | 76 (9.5) | 205 (10.4) | 151 (4.5) | 546 (16.4) | 366 (17.2) | 888 (22.1) |
SBP, mmHg, mean (SD) | 132.3 (16.5) | 134.2 (18.6) | 131.2 (17.7) | 128.8 (15.2) | 136.4 (16.6) | 133.3 (15.7) | 131.6 (16.0) |
DBP, mmHg, mean (SD) | 79.9 (10.0) | 80.1 (10.5) | 80.6 (10.6) | 79.9 (8.4) | 81.1 (9.6) | 79.8 (9.7) | 78.6 (10.9) |
TC, mg/dl, mean (SD) | 187.0 (47.1) | 179.1 (41.1) | 182.1 (46.1) | 179.8 (48.7) | 190.6 (49.9) | 189.6 (47.8) | 189.6 (43.7) |
History of hypoglycemiaa, n (%) | 700 (4.6) | 50 (6.4) | 60 (3.8) | 96 (2.9) | 141 (4.2) | 155 (7.8) | 198 (4.9) |
Comedication, n (%) | |||||||
 ACEi or ARB | 5862 (36.7) | 315 (38.8) | 827 (41.3) | 990 (29.5) | 1785 (51.3) | 715 (32.8) | 1230 (29.6) |
 Diuretic | 1867 (11.7) | 223 (27.5) | 250 (12.5) | 203 (6.0) | 780 (22.4) | 197 (9.0) | 214 (5.1) |
 β-blocker | 2158 (13.5) | 87 (10.7) | 277 (13.8) | 257 (7.6) | 978 (28.1) | 277 (12.7) | 282 (6.8) |
 Statin | 6710 (42.0) | 360 (44.3) | 826 (41.3) | 1497 (44.6) | 1534 (44.1) | 997 (45.7) | 1496 (36.0) |
 ASA | 2562 (16.0) | 214 (26.4) | 374 (18.7) | 278 (8.3) | 776 (22.3) | 485 (22.2) | 435 (10.5) |
First-line therapy, n (%) | |||||||
 MET monotherapy | 9076 (56.8) | 679 (83.6) | 1545 (77.2) | 1505 (44.8) | 2517 (72.4) | 1063 (48.7) | 1767 (42.5) |
 SU monotherapy | 1230 (7.7) | 27 (3.3) | 137 (6.8) | 186 (5.5) | 269 (7.7) | 288 (13.2) | 323 (7.8) |
 DPP-4i monotherapy | 1194 (7.5) | 1 (0.1) | 40 (2.0) | 43 (1.3) | 53 (1.5) | 19 (0.9) | 1038 (25.0) |
 Other monotherapy | 631 (3.9) | 2 (0.2) | 17 (0.8) | 36 (1.1) | 59 (1.7) | 13 (0.6) | 504 (12.1) |
 MET + SU | 2300 (14.4) | 73 (9.0) | 135 (6.7) | 1045 (31.1) | 287 (8.3) | 518 (23.8) | 242 (5.8) |
 MET + DPP-4i | 497 (3.1) | 1 (0.1) | 92 (4.6) | 123 (3.7) | 94 (2.7) | 130 (6.0) | 57 (1.4) |
 MET + other (dual therapy) | 266 (1.7) | 18 (2.2) | 3 (0.1) | 61 (1.8) | 56 (1.6) | 16 (0.7) | 112 (2.7) |
 Other combinations | 794 (5.0) | 11 (1.4) | 33 (1.6) | 361 (10.7) | 141 (4.1) | 134 (6.1) | 114 (2.7) |