Table 2 Role of chemokines and cytokines in atherosclerosis
From: Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) in atherosclerosis: a double-edged sword
Mediators | Derived | Function | References |
|---|---|---|---|
CCL2/ MCP-1 | Adipocytes | Recruitment of T cells and monocytes Macrophage infiltration | [156] |
CCL5/ RANTES | T cells, ECs VSMCs, adipocytes | Recruitment of T cells and monocytes | |
CX3CL1 | Monocytes ECs | Recruitment of T cells and monocytes Migration of VSMCs Anti-apoptosis and proliferative effects on monocytes and VSMCs | [287] |
IFN-γ | Immune cells NK cells | Activation of monocytes/macrophages Polarization of immune cells Impair endothelium-dependent relaxation VSMCs proliferation and apoptosis | [290] [290] [137] [291] |
IL-6 | Macrophage T cells, ECs Adipocytes | Impair endothelium-dependent relaxation Superoxide production and endothelium dysfunction Th17 cell differentiation with pro-inflammatory effects on ECs and VSMCs VSMCs migration and proliferation | [292] [295] [296] |
IL-17 | Th cells | Expression of adhesion molecules in ECs and VSMCs Decreased NO production Collage deposition | [297] [298] [299] |
TNF-α | Immune cells Adipocytes | Decrease eNOS expression, enhance ROS production Increase endothelial adhesion molecules and chemokines | [300] |
IL-10 | Treg cells Macrophage DCs | Reduce oxidative stress Increase production of NO Inhibit activation of P38 MAPK | [141] [141] [122] |