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Table 4 Adverse outcomes and healthcare utilization among diabetic participants with different severities of frailty

From: Both pre-frailty and frailty increase healthcare utilization and adverse health outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Variables

Number of events

Person-year

Incidence densitya

Crude HR

Modelb

Modelc

Modeld

HR

95% CI

HR

95% CI

HR

95% CI

HR

95% CI

Mortality

 Number of frailty components

  0

26,063

1521,110.06

17.13

1

–

1

–

1

–

1

–

  1

13,435

363,900.81

36.92

2.16

2.11–2.2f

1.05

1.02–1.07e

1.05

1.02–1.07e

1.05

1.02–1.07e

  2

3844

46,547.67

82.58

4.83

4.67–4.99f

1.13

1.08–1.17f

1.13

1.09–1.18f

1.13

1.09–1.18f

  ≥ 3

600

3724.94

161.08

9.42

8.69–10.22f

1.25

1.15–1.36e

1.25

1.15–1.36e

1.25

1.15–1.36e

 Every 1 component increase

   

2.15

2.13–2.18f

1.06

1.04–1.08f

1.06

1.04–1.08f

1.06

1.04–1.08f

Cardiovascular events

 Number of frailty components

  0

28,054

1,465,567.99

19.14

1

–

1

–

1

–

1

–

  1

13,358

338,756.78

39.43

2.05

2.01–2.1f

1.05

1.02–1.07e

1.05

1.03–1.08f

1.05

1.03–1.08f

  2

3422

40,228.14

85.06

4.38

4.22–4.54f

1.15

1.1–1.2f

1.16

1.1–1.2f

1.16

1.1–1.2f

  ≥ 3

375

3083.18

121.63

6.18

5.58–6.85f

1.13

1.01–1.25g

1.13

1.02–1.25e

1.13

1.02–1.25g

 Every 1 component increase

   

2.03

2–2.05f

1.06

1.04–1.08f

1.06

1.04–1.08f

1.06

1.04–1.08f

Hospitalization

 Number of frailty components

  0

144,963

1,180,101.25

122.84

1

–

1

–

1

–

1

–

  1

49,391

249,466.94

197.77

1.58

1.57–1.6f

1.06

1.05–1.07f

1.06

1.05–1.07f

1.06

1.05–1.07f

  2

9787

24,850.17

393.84

3.01

2.95–3.07f

1.16

1.14–1.19f

1.16

1.13–1.19f

1.16

1.13–1.19f

  ≥ 3

1040

1659.98

626.51

4.59

4.32–4.88f

1.25

1.18–1.33f

1.25

1.17–1.33f

1.25

1.17–1.33f

 Every 1 component increase

   

1.65

1.64–1.67f

1.07

1.06–1.08f

1.07

1.06–1.08f

1.07

1.06–1.08f

ICU admission

 Number of frailty components

  0

31,913

1,470,810.05

21.7

1

–

1

–

1

–

1

–

  1

14,758

342,678.79

43.07

1.98

1.94–2.02f

1.05

1.03–1.07f

1.05

1.02–1.07f

1.05

1.03–1.07f

  2

3839

41,595.75

92.29

4.21

4.07–4.36f

1.13

1.08–1.14f

1.13

1.08–1.17f

1.13

1.09-1.17f

  ≥ 3

492

3140.36

156.67

7.07

6.47–7.73f

1.17

1.06–1.28e

1.16

1.06–1.27e

1.16

1.06–1.27e

 Every 1 component increase

   

2

1.97–2.02f

1.06

1.04–1.07f

1.06

1.04–1.07f

1.06

1.04–1.07f

  1. CI confidence interval, HR hazard ratio, ICU intensive care unit
  2. aPer 1000 person-year
  3. bAdjusted for demographic profiles, comorbidities, aDSCI, and medications
  4. cAdjusted for demographic profiles, comorbidities (including obesity, mental illnesses, hypoglycemia history), substance use (smoking and alcohol abuse), aDCSI, and medications
  5. dAnalysis including both type 1 and type 2 DM patients
  6. ep < 0.01
  7. fp < 0.001
  8. gp < 0.05
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

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