Table 2 Descriptive characteristics according to the progression status of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy
From: Progression of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes
|  | Non-progression | Normal → early | Early → definite | Normal → definite | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 404) | (N = 79) | (N = 65) | (N = 30) | ||
Women, n (%) | 220 (54.5) | 49 (62.0) | 41 (63.1) | 19 (63.3) | 0.341 |
Age (years) | 57.1 ± 10.1 | 59.9 ± 10.0 | 62.0 ± 11.1 | 60.7 ± 8.8 | < 0.001 |
Diabetes duration (years) | 9.1 ± 5.7 | 11.4 ± 6.6 | 14.2 ± 7.1 | 11.5 ± 5.6 | < 0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.8 ± 3.2 | 24.2 ± 3.4 | 24.7 ± 3.4 | 25.7 ± 2.9 | 0.518 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 163 (42.2) | 35 (46.7) | 31 (50.0) | 13 (44.8) | 0.655 |
Smoking, n (%) | 93 (23.0) | 12 (15.2) | 15 (23.1) | 4 (13.3) | 0.295 |
Alcohol, n (%) | 105 (26.0) | 18 (22.8) | 13 (20.0) | 2 (6.7) | 0.091 |
Insulin, n (%) | 87 (21.5) | 14 (17.7) | 30 (46.2) | 10 (33.3) | < 0.001 |
ACE inhibitor/ARBs, n (%) | 122 (30.2) | 25 (31.6) | 24 (36.9) | 10 (33.3) | 0.742 |
Calcium channel blocker, n (%) | 63 (15.6) | 20 (25.3) | 13 (20.0) | 5 (16.7) | 0.198 |
Aspirin, n (%) | 28 (6.9) | 7 (8.9) | 6 (9.2) | 4 (13.3) | 0.57 |
Statin, n (%) | 44 (10.9) | 9 (11.4) | 8 (12.3) | 4 (13.3) | 0.968 |
FPG (mmol/L) | 8.3 ± 2.7 | 8.4 ± 2.8 | 9.1 ± 4.3 | 9.4 ± 1.5 | 0.006 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 86.7 ± 16.1 | 84.3 ± 17.7 | 81.1 ± 20.6 | 85.2 ± 18.9 | 0.042 |
Mean HbA1c (%) | 8.1 ± 1.5 | 8.2 ± 1.4 | 9.2 ± 1.6 | 9.2 ± 1.4 | < 0.001 |
SD HbA1c | 1.1 ± 1.0 | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 1.3 ± 1.3 | 1.2 ± 1.1 | 0.285 |
Mean HbA1c (mmol/L) | 65.1 ± 16.0 | 64.8 ± 16.3 | 76.9 ± 17.3 | 77.4 ± 15.6 | < 0.001 |
Mean total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.7 ± 0.9 | 4.7 ± 0.9 | 4.7 ± 0.9 | 5.2 ± 0.8 | 0.009 |
Mean triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.7 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 1.8 ± 1.1 | 0.971 |
Mean HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 0.445 |
Mean LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 2.8 ± 0.8 | 2.8 ± 0.9 | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 0.003 |
UAE (mg/day) | 48.1 ± 191.4 | 142.5 ± 481.0 | 182.7 ± 513.5 | 120.4 ± 137.9 | 0.001 |