Table 1 Baseline parameters between the group with and without progression of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy
From: Progression of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes
|  | Total | CAN progression (−) | CAN progression (+) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 578) | (N = 404) | (N = 174) | ||
Women, n (%) | 329 (56.9) | 220 (54.5) | 109 (62.6) | 0.083 |
Age (years) | 58.3 ± 10.3 | 57.1 ± 10.1 | 60.9 ± 10.3 | < 0.001 |
Diabetes duration (years) | 10.1 ± 6.2 | 9.1 ± 5.7 | 12.4 ± 6.7 | < 0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.7 ± 3.2 | 24.8 ± 3.2 | 24.7 ± 3.4 | 0.710 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 242 (43.8) | 163 (42.2) | 79 (47.6) | 0.284 |
Smoking, n (%) | 124 (21.5) | 93 (23.0) | 31 (17.8) | 0.198 |
Alcohol, n (%) | 138 (23.9) | 105 (26.0) | 33 (19.0) | 0.087 |
Insulin, n (%) | 141 (24.4) | 87 (21.5) | 54 (31.0) | 0.020 |
ACE inhibitor/ARBs, n (%) | 181 (31.3) | 122 (30.2) | 59 (33.9) | 0.433 |
Calcium channel blocker, n (%) | 101 (17.5) | 63 (15.6) | 38 (21.8) | 0.090 |
Aspirin, n (%) | 45 (7.8) | 28 (6.9) | 17 (9.8) | 0.318 |
Statin, n (%) | 65 (11.2) | 44 (10.9) | 21 (12.1) | 0.789 |
FPG (mmol/L) | 8.4 ± 2.9 | 8.3 ± 2.7 | 8.8 ± 3.3 | 0.053 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 85.6 ± 17.1 | 86.7 ± 16.1 | 83.3 ± 19.0 | 0.040 |
Mean HbA1c (%) | 8.3 ± 1.5 | 8.1 ± 1.5 | 8.8 ± 1.6 | < 0.001 |
SD HbA1c | 1.1 ± 1.0 | 1.1 ± 1.0 | 1.0 ± 1.0 | 0.787 |
Mean HbA1c (mmol/L) | 67.1 ± 16.7 | 65.1 ± 16.0 | 71.5 ± 17.6 | < 0.001 |
Mean total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.7 ± 0.9 | 4.7 ± 0.9 | 4.8 ± 0.9 | 0.078 |
Mean triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.7 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 0.931 |
Mean HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.204 |
Mean LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.8 ± 0.8 | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 0.021 |
UAE (mg/day) | 79.8 ± 298.9 | 48.1 ± 191.4 | 153.8 ± 453.3 | 0.004 |