Patient characteristics before PS matching | DPP-4 inhibitors | GLP-1 agonists | P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 358,632) | (n = 174,711) | ||||
Mean age, years (± SD) | 59.0 | (± 12.1) | 52.9 | (± 10.4) | < 0.001 |
Sex, n (%) | |||||
Male | 196,172 | (54.7) | 75,475 | (43.2) | < 0.001 |
Female | 162,460 | (45.3) | 99,236 | (56.8) | |
Type of DPP-4 inhibitors | |||||
Saxagliptin | 51,233 | (14.3) | NA | – | – |
Sitagliptin | 286,259 | (79.8) | NA | – | – |
Alogliptin | 20,720 | (5.8) | NA | – | – |
Linagliptin | 409 | (0.1) | NA | – | – |
Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
Asthma | 19,007 | (5.3) | 11,182 | (6.4) | < 0.001 |
COPD | 21,518 | (6.0) | 7163 | (4.1) | < 0.001 |
CKD | 24,028 | (6.7) | 4717 | (2.7) | < 0.001 |
Ischemic heart disease | 64,554 | (18) | 22,188 | (12.7) | < 0.001 |
Depression | 11,835 | (3.3) | 8386 | (4.8) | < 0.001 |
Stroke | 22,235 | (6.2) | 5591 | (3.2) | < 0.001 |
Hypoglycemia | 11,835 | (3.3) | 5765 | (3.3) | 0.320 |
Hyperlipidemia | 196,889 | (54.9) | 95,567 | (54.7) | 0.354 |
Cancer | 35,863 | (10.0) | 11,007 | (6.3) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | 222,352 | (62.0) | 100,634 | (57.6) | < 0.001 |
Acute myocardial infarction | 5379 | (1.5) | 1223 | (0.7) | < 0.001 |
Heart failurea | 8966 | (2.5) | 1747 | (1.0) | < 0.001 |
Prior cardiovascular diseases | 81,051 | (22.6) | 27,255 | (15.6) | < 0.001 |
Use of other diabetes medications, n (%) | |||||
Metformin | 210,876 | (58.8) | 108,845 | (62.3) | < 0.001 |
TZDs | 94,320 | (26.3) | 48,395 | (27.7) | < 0.001 |
α-Glucosidase inhibitors | 2152 | (0.6) | 1048 | (0.6) | 0.694 |
Insulin | 35,863 | (10.0) | 39,485 | (22.6) | < 0.001 |
Meglitinides | 9683 | (2.7) | 4717 | (2.7) | 0.507 |
Use of other medications, n (%) | |||||
ACE inhibitors | 128,390 | (35.8) | 57,655 | (33.0) | < 0.001 |
Aldosterone receptor antagonists | 8966 | (2.5) | 4542 | (2.6) | 0.047 |
α-Blockers | 24,746 | (6.9) | 7687 | (4.4) | < 0.001 |
Angiotensin-receptor blockers | 56,305 | (15.7) | 26,381 | (15.1) | < 0.001 |
β-Blockers | 104,721 | (29.2) | 40,358 | (23.1) | < 0.001 |
Calcium-channel blockers | 68,857 | (19.2) | 26,207 | (15.0) | < 0.001 |
Loop diuretics | 45,546 | (12.7) | 20,092 | (11.5) | < 0.001 |
Potassium-sparing diuretics | 9683 | (2.7) | 4892 | (2.8) | 0.233 |
Thiazide diuretics | 6455 | (1.8) | 2795 | (1.6) | < 0.001 |
Vasodilators | 4304 | (1.2) | 1048 | (0.6) | < 0.001 |
Healthcare utilization, mean (± SD) | |||||
Mean number of outpatient visits | 16.8 | (± 15.9) | 17 | (± 14.6) | < 0.001 |
Mean number of inpatient visits | 1.3 | (± 0.7) | 1.4 | (± 0.9) | < 0.001 |