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Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics of new-users of DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1 agonists prior to propensity score matching

From: Risk of heart failure hospitalization among users of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors compared to glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists

Patient characteristics before PS matching

DPP-4 inhibitors

GLP-1 agonists

P-value

(n = 358,632)

(n = 174,711)

 

Mean age, years (± SD)

59.0

(± 12.1)

52.9

(± 10.4)

< 0.001

Sex, n (%)

 Male

196,172

(54.7)

75,475

(43.2)

< 0.001

 Female

162,460

(45.3)

99,236

(56.8)

 

Type of DPP-4 inhibitors

 Saxagliptin

51,233

(14.3)

NA

 Sitagliptin

286,259

(79.8)

NA

 Alogliptin

20,720

(5.8)

NA

 Linagliptin

409

(0.1)

NA

Comorbidities, n (%)

 Asthma

19,007

(5.3)

11,182

(6.4)

< 0.001

 COPD

21,518

(6.0)

7163

(4.1)

< 0.001

 CKD

24,028

(6.7)

4717

(2.7)

< 0.001

 Ischemic heart disease

64,554

(18)

22,188

(12.7)

< 0.001

 Depression

11,835

(3.3)

8386

(4.8)

< 0.001

 Stroke

22,235

(6.2)

5591

(3.2)

< 0.001

 Hypoglycemia

11,835

(3.3)

5765

(3.3)

0.320

 Hyperlipidemia

196,889

(54.9)

95,567

(54.7)

0.354

 Cancer

35,863

(10.0)

11,007

(6.3)

< 0.001

 Hypertension

222,352

(62.0)

100,634

(57.6)

< 0.001

 Acute myocardial infarction

5379

(1.5)

1223

(0.7)

< 0.001

 Heart failurea

8966

(2.5)

1747

(1.0)

< 0.001

 Prior cardiovascular diseases

81,051

(22.6)

27,255

(15.6)

< 0.001

Use of other diabetes medications, n (%)

 Metformin

210,876

(58.8)

108,845

(62.3)

< 0.001

 TZDs

94,320

(26.3)

48,395

(27.7)

< 0.001

 α-Glucosidase inhibitors

2152

(0.6)

1048

(0.6)

0.694

 Insulin

35,863

(10.0)

39,485

(22.6)

< 0.001

 Meglitinides

9683

(2.7)

4717

(2.7)

0.507

Use of other medications, n (%)

 ACE inhibitors

128,390

(35.8)

57,655

(33.0)

< 0.001

 Aldosterone receptor antagonists

8966

(2.5)

4542

(2.6)

0.047

 α-Blockers

24,746

(6.9)

7687

(4.4)

< 0.001

 Angiotensin-receptor blockers

56,305

(15.7)

26,381

(15.1)

< 0.001

 β-Blockers

104,721

(29.2)

40,358

(23.1)

< 0.001

 Calcium-channel blockers

68,857

(19.2)

26,207

(15.0)

< 0.001

 Loop diuretics

45,546

(12.7)

20,092

(11.5)

< 0.001

 Potassium-sparing diuretics

9683

(2.7)

4892

(2.8)

0.233

 Thiazide diuretics

6455

(1.8)

2795

(1.6)

< 0.001

 Vasodilators

4304

(1.2)

1048

(0.6)

< 0.001

Healthcare utilization, mean (± SD)

 Mean number of outpatient visits

16.8

(± 15.9)

17

(± 14.6)

< 0.001

 Mean number of inpatient visits

1.3

(± 0.7)

1.4

(± 0.9)

< 0.001

  1. ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, CKD chronic kidney disease, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4, GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1, PS propensity score, SD standard deviation, TZDs thiazolidinediones
  2. a Excluding heart failure cases that occurred during the 60 day period prior to the index-date