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Table 3 Multiple regression analysis of baroreflex sensitivity

From: Visit-to-visit HbA1c variability is inversely related to baroreflex sensitivity independently of HbA1c value in type 2 diabetes

Independent variables

Univariate

Multivariate

r

p

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

β

p

β

P

β

p

(a)

 HbA1c CV (%)

− 0.354

0.007

− 0.341

0.020

− 0.359

0.014

− 0.339

0.014

 Two-year mean HbA1c (%)

− 0.384

0.003

− 0.073

0.641

− 0.052

0.741

− 0.006

0.969

 CGM CV (mg/dL)

− 0.325

0.014

− 0.288

0.035

− 0.308

0.025

− 0.229

0.072

 Age (years)

− 0.358

0.006

− 0.323

0.008

− 0.330

0.006

− 0.302

0.008

 Sex (male/female)

–

0.550

− 0.129

0.283

− 0.161

0.180

− 0.149

0.182

 BMI (kg/m2)

0.006

0.965

− 0.221

0.120

− 0.205

0.127

− 0.159

0.212

 SBP (mmHg)

0.154

0.252

0.067

0.585

–

–

–

–

 LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

0.074

0.586

–

–

0.122

0.297

–

–

 Heart rate (beats/min)

− 0.446

0.001

–

–

–

–

− 0.300

0.011

(b)

 HbA1c SD (%)

− 0.384

0.003

− 0.373

0.021

− 0.395

0.014

− 0.371

0.014

 Two-year mean HbA1c (%)

− 0.384

0.003

− 0.020

0.906

0.006

0.971

0.048

0.769

 CGM CV (mg/dL)

− 0.325

0.014

− 0.288

0.035

− 0.309

0.025

− 0.230

0.071

 Age (years)

− 0.358

0.006

− 0.322

0.008

− 0.328

0.006

− 0.301

0.008

 Sex (male/female)

–

0.550

− 0.130

0.278

− 0.163

0.176

− 0.150

0.179

 BMI (kg/m2)

0.006

0.965

− 0.228

0.111

− 0.215

0.113

− 0.167

0.192

 SBP (mmHg)

0.154

0.252

0.064

0.606

–

–

–

–

 LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

0.074

0.586

–

–

0.123

0.290

–

–

 Heart rate (beats/min)

− 0.446

0.001

–

–

–

–

− 0.299

0.011

(c)

 Adjusted HbA1c SD (%)

− 0.391

0.003

− 0.376

0.020

− 0.397

0.014

− 0.376

0.013

 Two-year mean HbA1c (%)

− 0.384

0.003

− 0.017

0.919

0.007

0.967

0.051

0.752

 CGM CV (mg/dL)

− 0.325

0.014

− 0.290

0.034

− 0.309

0.025

− 0.231

0.070

 Age (years)

− 0.358

0.006

− 0.318

0.009

− 0.325

0.007

− 0.297

0.009

 Sex (male/female)

–

0.550

− 0.131

0.273

− 0.163

0.173

− 0.152

0.174

 BMI (kg/m2)

0.006

0.965

− 0.227

0.111

− 0.213

0.115

− 0.166

0.193

 SBP (mmHg)

0.154

0.252

0.065

0.596

–

–

–

–

 LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

0.074

0.586

–

–

0.122

0.297

–

–

 Heart rate (beats/min)

− 0.446

0.001

–

–

–

–

− 0.301

0.010

  1. Dependent variable was baroreflex sensitivity, and the independent variables were Model 1, Model 2, and Model 3. Model 1: age, sex, BMI, CGM CV, mean HbA1c, visit-to-visit HbA1c variability, and SBP; Model 2: age, sex, BMI, CGM CV, mean HbA1c, visit-to-visit HbA1c variability, and LDL-cholesterol; Model 3: age, sex, BMI, CGM CV, mean HbA1c, visit-to-visit HbA1c variability, and heart rate; Visit-to-visit HbA1c variability was (a) HbA1c CV (b) HbA1c SD, and (c) adjusted HbA1c SD; Model 1 (a) R-squared 0.398, adjusted R-squared 0.312, (b) R-squared 0.398, adjusted R-squared 0.312, (c) R-squared 0.399, adjusted R-squared 0.313; Model 2 (a) R-squared 0.408, adjusted R-squared 0.324, (b) R-squared 0.409, adjusted R-squared 0.324, (c) R-squared 0.409, adjusted R-squared 0.325; Model 3 (a) R-squared 0.471, adjusted R-squared 0.395, (b) R-squared 0.471, adjusted R-squared 0.395, (c) R-squared 0.472, adjusted R-squared 0.397
  2. CV coefficient of variation, SD standard deviation, CGM continuous glucose monitoring, BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, LDL low-density lipoprotein