Table 1 Baseline characteristics
|  | HFpEF (LVEF ≥ 50%) | HFmrEF (LVEF 40–49%) | HFrEF (LVEF < 40%) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 290 (32.2) | 131 (14.5) | 481 (53.3) | Â |
Age (years) | 70.6 ± 6.7 | 69.7 ± 6.0 | 68.4 ± 8.2 | < 0.001 |
Women (gender) | 119 (41.0) | 45 (34.4) | 132 (27.4) | < 0.001 |
Medical history | ||||
 Ischemic HF | 116 (40.0) | 55 (42.0) | 240 (49.9) | 0.019 |
 Prior PCI | 64 (22.1) | 26 (19.8) | 111 (23.1) | 0.729 |
 Prior CABG | 17 (5.9) | 6 (4.6) | 33 (6.9) | 0.604 |
 Hypertension | 214 (73.8) | 94 (71.8) | 305 (63.4) | 0.007 |
 Duration of T2DM (years) | 8.3 ± 2.7 | 8.3 ± 2.4 | 8.3 ± 2.4 | 0.875 |
 Atrial fibrillation | 113 (39.0) | 52 (39.7) | 144 (29.9) | 0.014 |
 Stroke | 32 (11.0) | 12 (9.2) | 56 (11.6) | 0.724 |
 COPD | 32 (11.0) | 11 (8.4) | 52 (10.8) | 0.687 |
 Smoking | 81 (27.9) | 39 (29.8) | 149 (31.0) | 0.670 |
 Dyslipidemia | 82 (28.3) | 40 (30.5) | 139 (28.9) | 0.894 |
HF device-therapies | ||||
 ICD | 5 (1.7) | 1 (0.7) | 8 (1.7) | 0.868 |
 CRT-P | 0 | 0 | 4 (0.8) | 0.284 |
 CRT-D | 0 | 0 | 4 (0.8) | 0.284 |
Medications | ||||
 ACEI/ARB | 204 (70.3) | 110 (84.0) | 410 (85.2) | < 0.001 |
 Beta-blocker | 200 (69.0) | 90 (68.7) | 393 (81.7) | < 0.001 |
 Diuretics | 163 (56.2) | 83 (63.4) | 299 (62.2) | 0.196 |
 Spironolactone | 75 (24.8) | 33 (25.2) | 186 (38.7) | < 0.001 |
 Anticoagulant | 29 (10.0) | 14 (10.7) | 45 (9.4) | 0.882 |
 Antiplatelet | 146 (50.3) | 58 (44.3) | 259 (53.8) | 0.142 |
 Statin | 107 (36.9) | 47 (35.9) | 188 (39.1) | 0.728 |
 Oral anti-diabetic drugs | 175 (60.3) | 86 (65.6) | 326 (67.8) | 0.110 |
 Sulfonylurea | 116 (40.0) | 56 (42.7) | 216 (44.9) | 0.410 |
 Glinides | 26 (9.0) | 11 (8.4) | 32 (6.6) | 0.475 |
 Biguainde | 64 (22.1) | 26 (19.8) | 92 (19.1) | 0.641 |
 α-GI | 42 (14.5) | 21 (16.0) | 56 (11.6) | 0.309 |
 DPP-4 inhibitor | 17 (5.9) | 7 (5.3) | 29 (6.0) | 0.957 |
 Insulin | 83 (28.6) | 35 (26.7) | 113 (23.5) | 0.273 |
Clinical status | ||||
 NYHA class, in Classes I–IV | 26/110/138/16 | 21/43/59/8 | 81/182/200/18 | 0.052 |
 Heart rate (bpm) | 80.1 ± 8.9 | 78.9 ± 8.5 | 80.3 ± 10.3 | 0.356 |
 Systolic BP (mmHg) | 132.0 ± 11.9 | 128.6 ± 12.1 | 128.9 ± 14.8 | 0.006 |
 Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 78.5 ± 9.0 | 76.7 ± 7.8 | 77.7 ± 7.8 | 0.128 |
Laboratory variables | ||||
 eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 61.6 ± 9.5 | 61.7 ± 9.5 | 60.3 ± 9.0 | 0.104 |
 Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.8 ± 1.4 | 11.9 ± 1.2 | 12.0 ± 1.2 | 0.175 |
 BNP (pg/mL) | 772.0 ± 309.6 | 804.9 ± 306.1 | 912.0 ± 489.5 | < 0.001 |
 Number of HbA1c measurements | 10.4 ± 1.9 | 10.6 ± 1.9 | 10.7 ± 2.0 | 0.108 |
 Baseline HbA1c (%) | 7.2 ± 0.6 | 7.2 ± 0.5 | 7.2 ± 0.6 | 0.307 |
 HbA1c-mean (%) | 7.2 ± 0.6 | 7.2 ± 0.5 | 7.3 ± 0.6 | 0.103 |
 HbA1c-SD (%) | 0.66 ± 0.09 | 0.65 ± 0.08 | 0.67 ± 0.08 | 0.061 |
 HbA1c-CV (%) | 9.24 ± 1.36 | 9.05 ± 1.22 | 9.23 ± 1.32 | 0.317 |
Echo data | ||||
 LVEF (%) | 59.3 ± 4.8 | 44.3 ± 2.0 | 34.4 ± 2.6 | < 0.001 |
 LAD (mm) | 41.9 ± 3.9 | 41.8 ± 4.3 | 43.0 ± 4.6 | 0.001 |
 E/e′ | 13.0 ± 2.0 | 12.9 ± 2.2 | 13.5 ± 2.6 | 0.005 |