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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of matched pairs in all patients

From: Association between sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and a reduced risk of heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a real-world nationwide population-based cohort study

 

DPP-4i (n = 59,479)

SGLT-2i (n = 59,479)

Standardized difference

Age (years), mean (SD)

53.4 (12.4)

53.2 (11.9)

0.012

Male

54.75

54.86

0.002

Hypertension

60.46

60.33

0.003

Dyslipidemia

81.98

82.05

0.002

Chronic kidney disease

7.74

7.55

0.007

Cardiovascular disease

 AMI

1.57

1.43

0.011

  Other ischemic heart disease

14.25

14.02

0.007

  Heart failure

3.39

3.41

0.001

  Cerebral infarction

3.82

3.71

0.006

  Cerebrovascular event

5.33

5.24

0.004

 Peripheral artery occlusive disease

0.66

0.61

0.006

 Coronary revascularization procedures

  Coronary artery bypass graft

0.04

0.03

0.003

  Percutaneous coronary intervention

2.02

1.99

0.002

Microvascular complications of diabetes

 Nephropathy

10.46

10.34

0.004

 Neuropathy

7.17

6.99

0.007

 Retinopathy

13.04

12.93

0.003

Atrial fibrillation

1.58

1.52

0.004

Other heart disease

11.79

11.71

0.002

Hypoglycemia

2.2

2.16

0.002

Asthma

12.56

12.49

0.002

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

4.84

4.74

0.005

Connective tissue disease

3.57

3.58

0.001

Pancreatitis

1.5

1.49

0.001

Osteoporosis

7.67

7.36

0.012

Alcohol intakea

4.66

4.65

<0.001

Smokinga

0.15

0.16

0.002

Obesitya

0.39

0.39

0.001

Medication use (180 days prior to index date)

 Antidiabetic agent

  Metformin

80.88

81.18

0.008

  Sulfonylurea

37.29

36.77

0.011

  Thiazolidinediones

9.74

9.11

0.022

  Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor

4.86

4.71

0.007

  Meglitinide

0.81

0.73

0.009

   Insulin

14.45

13.84

0.017

 Diuretics

  Loop diuretics

3.83

3.79

0.002

  Thiazide

14.86

14.68

0.005

  Aldosterone antagonist

2.01

1.92

0.006

  Potassium sparing diuretics

0.05

0.06

0.006

 Anti-hypertensive agent

  Calcium channel blocker

29.7

29.74

0.001

  ACEI

3.06

2.95

0.007

  ARB

47.68

47.62

0.001

  Beta blocker

9.92

9.65

0.009

  Alpha blocker

0.71

0.67

0.005

 Digoxin

0.7

0.72

0.002

 Aspirin

23.39

22.98

0.01

 P2Y12 inhibitor

8.55

8.38

0.006

 Warfarin

0.58

0.58

<0.001

 NOAC

0.66

0.53

0.017

 Lipid-lowering agent

  Statin

53.42

53.02

0.008

  Fibrate

10.59

10.74

0.005

  Ezetimibe

8.54

8.51

0.001

Cardiologist visit (30 days prior to index date)

12.47

12.4

0.002

Hospitalization (30 days prior to index date)

7.33

6.9

0.017

Hospitalization (30–365 days prior to index date)

20.96

20.3

0.016

Emergency department visit (365 days prior to index date)

6.08

5.84

0.010

  1. Data presented as frequencies in percentage or means (SD)
  2. Less than 0.1 (10%) on the absolute value of standardized difference was considered as a negligible difference between groups. The mean (SD) standardized difference of all covariates was 0.59% (0.49%)
  3. ACEI angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, AMI acute myocardial infarction, ARB angiotensin II receptor antagonists, DPP-4i dipeptidyl-peptidase IV inhibitor, NOAC novel oral anticoagulant, SD standard deviation, SGLT2i sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, SU sulfonylurea
  4. aConfirmed by diagnosis code (International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision)
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840