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Table 1 Characteristics of the study sample according to VAT tertiles

From: Association between abdominal adiposity and subclinical measures of left-ventricular remodeling in diabetics, prediabetics and normal controls without history of cardiovascular disease as measured by magnetic resonance imaging: results from the KORA-FF4 Study

 

All subjects

VAT—lower tertile

VAT—mid tertile

VAT—upper tertile

p value*

N

374

124

125

125

 

Age (years)

56.2 ± 9.1

51.8 ± 7.8

57.0 ± 9.3

59.8 ± 8.3

< 0.001

Sex (men)

57.8% (216)

35.5% (44)

61.6% (77)

76.0% (95)

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

27.9 ± 4.8

24.2 ± 3.1

28.7 ± 4.1

30.9 ± 4.3

< 0.001

Diabetes status

 Normal

60.4% (226)

91.9% (114)

63.2% (79)

26.4% (33)

< 0.001

 Prediabetes

26.5% (99)

6.5% (8)

28.8% (36)

44.0% (55)

 Diabetes

13.1% (49)

1.6% (2)

8.0% (10)

29.6% (37)

HbA1c

5.6 ± 0.7

5.3 ± 0.4

5.6 ± 0.9

5.8 ± 0.8

< 0.001

Hypertension

33.4% (125)

13.7% (17)

30.4% (38)

56.0% (70)

< 0.001

Systolic RR (mmHg)

121 ± 17

110 ± 12

123 ± 16

129 ± 16

< 0.001

Diastolic RR (mmHg)

75 ± 10

70 ± 8

77 ± 10

79 ± 10

< 0.001

Antihypertensive medication

24.6% (92)

12.1% (15)

22.4% (28)

39.2% (49)

< 0.001

Triglyceride levels (mg/dL)

130.5 ± 84.3

83.9 ± 38.9

132.2 ± 80.9

175.0 ± 95.6

< 0.001

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

217.6 ± 36.4

207.8 ± 33.9

225.9 ± 36.4

219.1 ± 36.8

< 0.001

HDL (mg/dL)

62.0 ± 17.5

69.8 ± 19.3

61.6 ± 14.4

54.7 ± 15.1

< 0.001

LDL (mg/dL)

139.4 ± 33.0

129 ± 30.5

147.6 ± 31.4

141.4 ± 34.5

< 0.001

Lipid lowering medication

10.4% (39)

3.2% (4)

9.6% (12)

18.4% (23)

< 0.001

Smoking status

 Never-smoker

36.1% (135)

41.9% (52)

36.0% (45)

30.4% (38)

0.03

 Ex-smoker

43.9% (164)

33.1% (41)

44.8% (56)

53.6% (67)

 Current-smoker

20.1% (75)

25.0% (31)

19.2% (24)

16.0% (20)

MRI-based adiposity measures

 VAT (cm2)

147.31 ± 85.02

57.8 ± 23.23

139.77 ± 22.56

243.64 ± 57.22

N/A

 SAT (cm2)

278.51 ± 117.44

210.00 ± 86.43

308.84 ± 119.13

316.73 ± 113.14

< 0.001

 PDFFhepatic (%)

8.4 ± 8.4

2.8 ± 2.3

7.0 ± 6.7

15.5 ± 8.9

< 0.001

MR-based LV measures

 LV mass, indexed (LVM; g/m2)

71.7 ± 13.9

67.0 ± 11.8

72.5 ± 15.2

75.6 ± 13.2

< 0.001

 LV concentricity index (LVCI; g/mL)

1.13 ± 0.30

0.94 ± 0.19

1.11 ± 0.23

1.33 ± 0.33

< 0.001

 LV end-diastolic volume, indexed (LVEDV; mL/m2)

66.20 ± 14.87

72.52 ± 13.41

66.82 ± 13.65

59.3 ± 14.56

< 0.001

 LV ejection fraction (LVEF; %)

69.2 ± 8.2

68.5 ± 8.6

69.4 ± 7.3

69.6 ± 8.6

0.53

 LV stroke volume, indexed (LVSV; mL/m2)

45.4 ± 9.7

49.4 ± 9.6

45.9 ± 8.5

40.8 ± 9.0

< 0.001

  1. Data are means and standard deviations for continuous variables and counts and percentages for categorical variables
  2. RR blood pressure, VAT visceral adipose tissue, SAT subcutaneous adipose tissue, PDFF hepatic hepatic proton-density fat fraction, LV left-ventricular
  3. * p values are from one-way ANOVA and χ2 test, respectively