All subjects | VAT—lower tertile | VAT—mid tertile | VAT—upper tertile | p value* | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 374 | 124 | 125 | 125 | |
Age (years) | 56.2 ± 9.1 | 51.8 ± 7.8 | 57.0 ± 9.3 | 59.8 ± 8.3 | < 0.001 |
Sex (men) | 57.8% (216) | 35.5% (44) | 61.6% (77) | 76.0% (95) | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.9 ± 4.8 | 24.2 ± 3.1 | 28.7 ± 4.1 | 30.9 ± 4.3 | < 0.001 |
Diabetes status | |||||
Normal | 60.4% (226) | 91.9% (114) | 63.2% (79) | 26.4% (33) | < 0.001 |
Prediabetes | 26.5% (99) | 6.5% (8) | 28.8% (36) | 44.0% (55) | |
Diabetes | 13.1% (49) | 1.6% (2) | 8.0% (10) | 29.6% (37) | |
HbA1c | 5.6 ± 0.7 | 5.3 ± 0.4 | 5.6 ± 0.9 | 5.8 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | 33.4% (125) | 13.7% (17) | 30.4% (38) | 56.0% (70) | < 0.001 |
Systolic RR (mmHg) | 121 ± 17 | 110 ± 12 | 123 ± 16 | 129 ± 16 | < 0.001 |
Diastolic RR (mmHg) | 75 ± 10 | 70 ± 8 | 77 ± 10 | 79 ± 10 | < 0.001 |
Antihypertensive medication | 24.6% (92) | 12.1% (15) | 22.4% (28) | 39.2% (49) | < 0.001 |
Triglyceride levels (mg/dL) | 130.5 ± 84.3 | 83.9 ± 38.9 | 132.2 ± 80.9 | 175.0 ± 95.6 | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 217.6 ± 36.4 | 207.8 ± 33.9 | 225.9 ± 36.4 | 219.1 ± 36.8 | < 0.001 |
HDL (mg/dL) | 62.0 ± 17.5 | 69.8 ± 19.3 | 61.6 ± 14.4 | 54.7 ± 15.1 | < 0.001 |
LDL (mg/dL) | 139.4 ± 33.0 | 129 ± 30.5 | 147.6 ± 31.4 | 141.4 ± 34.5 | < 0.001 |
Lipid lowering medication | 10.4% (39) | 3.2% (4) | 9.6% (12) | 18.4% (23) | < 0.001 |
Smoking status | |||||
Never-smoker | 36.1% (135) | 41.9% (52) | 36.0% (45) | 30.4% (38) | 0.03 |
Ex-smoker | 43.9% (164) | 33.1% (41) | 44.8% (56) | 53.6% (67) | |
Current-smoker | 20.1% (75) | 25.0% (31) | 19.2% (24) | 16.0% (20) | |
MRI-based adiposity measures | |||||
VAT (cm2) | 147.31 ± 85.02 | 57.8 ± 23.23 | 139.77 ± 22.56 | 243.64 ± 57.22 | N/A |
SAT (cm2) | 278.51 ± 117.44 | 210.00 ± 86.43 | 308.84 ± 119.13 | 316.73 ± 113.14 | < 0.001 |
PDFFhepatic (%) | 8.4 ± 8.4 | 2.8 ± 2.3 | 7.0 ± 6.7 | 15.5 ± 8.9 | < 0.001 |
MR-based LV measures | |||||
LV mass, indexed (LVM; g/m2) | 71.7 ± 13.9 | 67.0 ± 11.8 | 72.5 ± 15.2 | 75.6 ± 13.2 | < 0.001 |
LV concentricity index (LVCI; g/mL) | 1.13 ± 0.30 | 0.94 ± 0.19 | 1.11 ± 0.23 | 1.33 ± 0.33 | < 0.001 |
LV end-diastolic volume, indexed (LVEDV; mL/m2) | 66.20 ± 14.87 | 72.52 ± 13.41 | 66.82 ± 13.65 | 59.3 ± 14.56 | < 0.001 |
LV ejection fraction (LVEF; %) | 69.2 ± 8.2 | 68.5 ± 8.6 | 69.4 ± 7.3 | 69.6 ± 8.6 | 0.53 |
LV stroke volume, indexed (LVSV; mL/m2) | 45.4 ± 9.7 | 49.4 ± 9.6 | 45.9 ± 8.5 | 40.8 ± 9.0 | < 0.001 |