Fig. 2

Pooled estimates of the effects of exercise training on FMD among type 2 diabetes patients or between type 2 diabetics versus non-diabetics. a Meta-analysis of the exercise training effects on FMD in type 2 diabetes patients compared with non-exercise controls. b Meta-analysis of the exercise training effects on FMD in type 2 diabetes patients across different exercise types. c Meta-analysis of the exercise training effects on FMD in type 2 diabetics versus non-diabetics. FMD flow-mediated dilation, Int intervention, Con control, WMD weighted mean difference, CI confidence interval, HIIT high-intensity interval training, MICT moderate-intensity continuous training, NA not applicable. ^a Both studies allowed for two independent comparisons for each versus non-exercise controls [17, 18]. ^b Standard deviations were obtained using the transformations from t and P values for differences in means according to the methods suggested in Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews [29]. ^c Change-from-baseline standard deviations were obtained using a correlation coefficient of 0.50 according to the methods suggested in Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews [29]