Childhood retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) levels predicting the 10-year risk of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome: the BCAMS study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of subjects with or without MS at baseline in the cross-sectional study

Variables	Non-MS at baseline	MS at baseline	P
N	3022	423	–
Gender (male %)	49.3	61.3	< 0.001
Age (years)	11.8 ± 3.1	12.3 ± 2.9	0.001
Puberty (stage 1/2/3/4/5%)	32.2/14.4/17.0/ 25.4/11.0	29.5/14.1/18.9/ 24.2/13.4	0.484
Exercise ≥ 3 times/week (%)	56.9	51.4	0.035
Dietary score	27.8 ± 4.2	27.1 ± 4.6	0.001
Adjusted for baseline age, gender, pubertal stage, physical activity and dietary score
BMI (kg/m²)	21.2 ± 4.5	27.7 ± 4.1	< 0.001
WC (cm)	70.5 ± 11.8	87.5 ± 11	< 0.001
Body fat percentage (%)	23.5 ± 8.2	31.8 ± 6.9	< 0.001
SBP (mmHg)	106 ± 13	121 ± 12	< 0.001
DBP (mmHg)	67 ± 10	76 ± 8	< 0.001
TG (mmol/L)	0.94 ± 0.46	1.67 ± 0.80	< 0.001
TC (mmol/L)	4.08 ± 0.79	4.21 ± 0.84	< 0.001
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.44 ± 0.31	1.11 ± 0.23	< 0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.52 ± 0.72	2.77 ± 0.73	< 0.001
Glucose (mmol/L)	5.05 ± 0.47	5.41 ± 0.89	< 0.001
Insulin (mU/L)^a	7.69 (4.81–11.66)	15.09 (10.52–22.43)	< 0.001
HOMA-IR^a	1.74 (1.05–2.67)	3.56 (2.46–5.49)	< 0.001
Adiponectin (μg/L)^a	5.93 (3.98–8.48)	3.88 (2.85–5.47)	< 0.001
Leptin (ng/mL)^a	5.00 (1.72–11.73)	15.2 (8.77–26.84)	< 0.001
RBP4 (μg/mL)	33.47 ± 11.19	38.54 ± 12.43	< 0.001

All values are reported as mean ± SD, median (interquartile range) or percentage
BMI body mass index, WC waist circumference, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, TG triglycerides, TC total cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, MS metabolic syndrome
^aVariables were ln-transformed before analysis
P values were from the Chi square test for categorical variables or the general liner model from continuous variables with adjustment of age, gender, pubertal stage, physical activity and dietary score at baseline