Skip to main content

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the study groups

From: Diabetic retinopathy is associated with the presence and burden of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in type 1 diabetes

 

Control

Type 1 diabetes

p. control vs. type 1 diabetes

p. no DR vs. DR

All

No retinopathy

Retinopathy

N = 307

N = 340

N = 199

N = 141

Age, years

44.0 [37.0; 51.0]

45.0 [37.0; 53.0]

43.4 (11.1)

48.6 (12.1)

0.164

< 0.001

Sex, men

139 (45.7%)

155 (45.6%)

89 (44.7%)

66 (46.8%)

1

0.787

Non-caucasian

9 (2.96%)

4 (1.18%)

3 (1.51%)

1 (0.71%)

0.185

0.645

Current or former smoker

167 (55.3%)

174 (51.3%)

97 (49.0%)

77 (54.6%)

0.354

0.363

Dyslipidemia

39 (12.8%)

144 (42.4%)

72 (36.2%)

72 (51.1%)

< 0.001

0.009

Hypertension

26 (8.55%)

88 (25.9%)

36 (18.1%)

52 (36.9%)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Systolic BP, mmHg

120 [112; 129]

129 [114; 139]

127 [112; 135]

132 [119; 145]

< 0.001

< 0.001

Diastolic BP, mmHg

76.0 [70.0; 81.0]

75.0 [68.0; 80.0]

74.5 (10.1)

73.7 (9.98)

0.009

0.447

Pulse pressure, mmHg

44.0 [38.0; 51.8]

52.0 [42.5; 62.0]

50.0 [40.0; 58.5]

56.0 [46.8; 70.0]

< 0.001

< 0.001

BMI kg/m2

25.2 [23.2; 28.4]

25.6 [22.8; 28.4]

25.0 [22.5; 27.4]

26.3 [23.5; 29.4]

0.827

0.004

Waist circumference, cm

93.0 [84.2; 100]

88.0 [80.0; 98.5]

87.0 [79.0; 95.0]

90.0 [82.0; 102]

< 0.001

0.003

HbA1c, %

5.40 [5.20; 5.60]

7.50 [7.00; 8.10]

7.40 [6.80; 7.90]

7.60 [7.20; 8.40]

<0.001

< 0.001

HbA1c, mmol/mol

36.0 [33.0; 38.0]

58.0 [53.0; 65.0]

57.0 [51.0; 63.0]

60.0 [55.0; 68.0]

< 0.001

< 0.001

Total-c, mg/dL

192 [170; 220]

176 [160; 200]

175 [161; 200]

177 [156; 201]

< 0.001

0.903

HDL, mg/dL

56.5 [47.0; 68.0]

62.0 [53.0; 74.0]

63.0 [54.0; 74.0]

60.5 [55.0; 72.8]

< 0.001

0.197

LDL, mg/dL

116 [94.8; 138]

99.4 [83.0; 116]

99.4 [84.6; 116]

99.5 [79.9; 117]

< 0.001

0.684

Triglycerides, mg/dL

85.0 [63.0; 122]

68.0 [53.0; 86.0]

65.0 [53.0; 83.5]

70.0 [55.0; 89.0]

< 0.001

0.071

Creatinine, mg/dL

0.78 [0.68; 0.90]

0.76 [0.65; 0.87]

0.77 [0.66; 0.88]

0.76 [0.65; 0.87]

0.044

0.890

Urine albumin/creatinine ratio, mg/g

–

3.96 [2.08; 6.84]

3.58 [1.82; 5.95]

4.70 [2.76; 8.34]

–

0.030

Diabetes duration, years

–

20.0 [14.0; 29.0]

16.0 [11.0; 22.0]

27.0 [20.0; 33.0]

–

< 0.001

  1. Variables are expressed as median and interquartile range, unless otherwise specified
  2. BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, HDL high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Total-c total cholesterol
Back to article page

Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840