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Table 1 Demographic characteristics of real-world 2016 type 2 diabetes population, stratified by cardiovascular disease (CVD) status

From: Antidiabetic treatment patterns and specialty care utilization among patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease

Variable

Missing

n (%)

No established CVD

N = 54,659

Established CVD

N = 40,910

P value*

Age, median (IQR)

 

58.2 (48.2, 67.0)

69.1 (60.8, 77.3)

< 0.001

Race, n (%)

2677 (3%)

  

< 0.001

 White

 

40,779 (77%)

31,465 (78.8%)

 

 Black

 

9892 (18.7%)

7265 (18.2%)

 

 Other

 

2308 (4.4%)

1183 (3%)

 

Gender, n (%)

3 (0%)

  

< 0.001

 Female

 

31,385 (57.4%)

18,916 (46.2%)

 

 Male

 

23,273 (42.6%)

21,992 (53.8%)

 

Insurance, n (%)

8602 (9%)

  

< 0.001

 Commercial

 

22,656 (46.9%)

7964 (20.6%)

 

 Employee health insurance

 

3108 (6.4%)

1017 (2.6%)

 

 Managed care

 

993 (2.1%)

383 (1%)

 

 Medicaid

 

4277 (8.9%)

2380 (6.2%)

 

 Medicare

 

17,032 (35.3%)

26,840 (69.4%)

 

 Military personnel

 

223 (0.5%)

93 (0.2%)

 

Median zip income (US$, thousands)

1484 (2%)

54.3 (41.8, 67.4)

51.7 (41.1, 66.9)

< 0.001

HbA1c (%), median (IQR)

 

6.7 (6.1, 7.6)

6.6 (6.1, 7.4)

0.002

Hypertension, n (%)

 

40,666 (74.4%)

38,267 (93.5%)

< 0.001

Hyperlipidemia, n (%)

 

36,367 (66.5%)

34,653 (84.7%)

< 0.001

Current smoker, n (%)

 

6264 (11.5%)

4313 (10.5%)

< 0.001

Body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2, n (%)

 

38,183 (69.9%)

26,936 (65.8%)

< 0.001

Family history of CV disease, n (%)

 

36,064 (66.0%)

28,702 (70.2%)

< 0.001

DCSI score

< 0.001

 0

 

32,825 (60.1%)

6166 (15.1%)

 

 1–2

 

16,182 (29.6%)

8149 (19.9%)

 

 ≥ 3

 

5652 (10.3%)

26,595 (65%)

 

Diabetes complicationsa

 Retinopathy

< 0.001

  Not present

 

50,771 (92.9%)

35,445 (86.6%)

 

  Abnormal

 

3068 (5.6%)

4126 (10.1%)

 

  Severe abnormal

 

820 (1.5%)

1339 (3.3%)

 

 Nephropathy

< 0.001

  Not present

 

38,131 (69.8%)

14,027 (34.3%)

 

  Abnormal

 

10,530 (19.3%)

13,937 (34.1%)

 

  Severe abnormal

 

5998 (11%)

12,946 (31.6%)

 

 Neuropathy

< 0.001

  Not present

 

41,536 (76%)

24,485 (59.9%)

 

  Abnormal

 

13,123 (24%)

16,425 (40.1%)

 

 Cerebrovascular

< 0.001

  Not present

 

54,657 (100%)

27,587 (67.4%)

 

  Abnormal

 

0 (0%)

1681 (4.1%)

 

  Severe abnormal

 

2 (0%)

11,642 (28.5%)

 

 Cardiovascularb

< 0.001

  Not present

 

52,079 (95.3%)

14,771 (36.1%)

 

  Abnormal

 

42 (0.1%)

10,250 (25.1%)

 

  Severe abnormal

 

2538 (4.6%)

15,889 (38.8%)

 

 Peripheral vascular disease

< 0.001

  Not present

 

54,039 (98.9%)

30,920 (75.6%)

 

  Abnormal

 

577 (1.1%)

9203 (22.5%)

 

  Severe abnormal

 

43 (0.1%)

787 (1.9%)

 
  1. CVD cardiovascular disease, DCSI diabetes complications severity index, IQR interquartile range
  2. *Categorical variables were evaluated for association using the Chi squared test; continuous variables were tested using the Mann–Whitney U test
  3. aDCSI complications identified using ICD-9 codes as outlined by Young et al. [19]. For each complication, scale 0 = no abnormality, 1 = some abnormality, 2 = severe abnormality, as classified by Young et al.
  4. bCategory reflects DCSI-specific cardiovascular complications: atherosclerosis; other ischemic heart disease; angina pectoris; other chronic ischemic heart disease; myocardial infarction; ventricular fibrillation, arrest; atrial fibrillation, arrest; other atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; old myocardial infarction; heart failure; atherosclerosis, severe; aortic aneurysm/dissection