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Table 1 Characteristics of the study groups
| Diabetes without retinopathy (n = 159) | Diabetic with retinopathy (n = 153) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex—men, n (%) | 82 (51.6%) | 76 (49.7%) | 0.824 |
| Non caucasian, n (%) | 7 (4.40%) | 7 (4.58%) | 1.000 |
| Age (years) | 59.0 [48.5;66.0] | 61.0 [54.0;68.0] | 0.012 |
| Disease duration (years) | 6.00 [2.50;10.0] | 11.0 [6.00;20.0] | < 0.001 |
| Insulin treatment, n (%) | 20 (12.6%) | 84 (54.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking (current/past/never) (n) | 32/55/71 | 30/44/79 | 0.442 |
| Antiplatelet treatment, n (%) | 47 (29.6%) | 71 (46.4%) | 0.003 |
| Dyslipidaemia, n (%) | 67 (42.1%) | 78 (51.0%) | 0.147 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 80 (50.3%) | 103 (67.3%) | 0.003 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 134 [123;145] | 143 [133;159] | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 76.0 [70.5;83.0] | 77.5 [68.8;85.2] | 0.752 |
| Heart rate (b/min) | 75.0 [68.0;82.0] | 77.0 [70.0;86.0] | 0.076 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30.3 [27.4;34.0] | 31.1 [28.3;35.0] | 0.247 |
| Waist (cm) | 103 [96.8;111] | 107 [101;114] | 0.007 |
| Haemoglobin A1c (%) | 7.00 [6.50;7.90] | 8.10 [7.20;9.10] | < 0.001 |
| Total-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 184 [163;206] | 181 [163;204] | 0.988 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 47.0 [40.0;57.0] | 50.5 [42.0;60.2] | 0.03 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 109 [90.4;130] | 105 [86.5;128] | 0.268 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 118 [89.5;169] | 116 [83.0;168] | 0.617 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.79 [0.69;0.92] | 0.79 [0.68;0.93] | 0.797 |
| Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (mg/g) | 5.80 [3.19;10.9] | 12.4 [6.00;32.7] | < 0.001 |
