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Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the participants

From: HbA1c variability and diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetic patients

Variables

Type 2 diabetes

t/x 2

p

Total

Without DPN

With DPN

n (%)

563

461 (81.9)

102 (18.1)

–

–

Age (year)

56.4 ± 9.8

56.0 ± 9.9

58.4 ± 9.1

2.254

0.025

Female, n (%)

264 (46.9)

213 (46.2)

51 (50.0)

0.483

0.487

Body mass index (kg/m2)

25.4 ± 3.6

25.3 ± 3.7

25.9 ± 3.3

1.533

0.126

Systolic BP (mmHg)

134 ± 17

134 ± 17

137 ± 19

1.623

0.105

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

82 ± 11

82 ± 11

83 ± 10

0.688

0.492

Diabetic duration (year)

5.6 (4.5–8.5)

5.3 (4.4–8.0)

6.7 (4.9–9.6)

–

< 0.001

Hypoglycemic treatments

     

 Lifestyle intervention alone, n (%)

65 (11.5)

56 (12.1)

9 (8.8)

0.904

0.342

 Insulin injections, n (%)

161 (28.6)

127 (27.5)

34 (33.3)

1.369

0.242

 Insulin-secretagogues, n (%)

254 (45.1)

212 (46.0)

42 (41.2)

0.781

0.377

 Metformin, n (%)

252 (44.8)

199 (43.2)

53 (52.0)

2.612

0.106

 Thiazolidinediones, n (%)

294 (52.2)

247 (53.6)

47 (46.1)

1.883

0.170

Hypoglycemia, n (%)

72 (12.8)

58 (12.6)

14 (13.7)

0.098

0.754

Hypertension, n (%)

127 (33.8)

143 (31.0)

46 (45.1)

7.423

0.006

Statins medication, n (%)

209 (37.1)

170 (36.9)

39 (38.2)

0.066

0.797

Smoking, n (%)

144 (25.6)

116 (25.2)

28 (27.5)

0.230

0.632

Drinking, n (%)

116 (20.6)

98 (21.3)

18 (17.6)

0.666

0.415

Triglyceride (mmol/L)

1.74 (1.09–2.79)

1.71 (1.08–2.75)

1.86 (1.19–2.97)

–

0.355

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.85 ± 1.42

4.83 ± 1.32

4.93 ± 1.82

0.646

0.519

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.06 ± 0.27

1.07 ± 0.27

1.06 ± 0.28

–  0.207

0.836

LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

2.66 ± 0.83

2.67 ± 0.82

2.60 ± 0.86

– 0.766

0.444

Serum uric acid (μmol/L)

285 ± 98

286 ± 94

277 ± 113

– 0.886

0.376

HOMA-IR

2.86 (2.35–3.49)

2.72 (2.25–3.34)

3.41 (2.89–4.13)

–

< 0.001

Initial HbA1c (%)

8.43 ± 1.15

8.34 ± 1.11

8.81 ± 1.27

3.461

0.001

UACR (mg/g)

20.1 (12.5–36.4)

17.2 (11.1–29.5)

37.2 (25.6–78.8)

–

< 0.001

M-HbA1c (%)

8.85 ± 1.20

8.71 ± 1.16

9.51 ± 1.14

6.309

< 0.001

CV-HbA1c (%)

14.65 ± 3.32

14.22 ± 3.19

16.58 ± 3.20

6.739

< 0.001

  1. p-values were determined using Student’s t-tests, Mann–Whitney U tests or Chi square tests as appropriate