Author (year) | Source population and setting | Agea | Participants (% male) | T2D duration (years) [mean ± SD or median (range)] | Exclusion criteria | Cut-point LVEF to separate LVSD from LVDD (%) | Presence of heart failure assessed (yes/no) | Risk of bias (low/high) | Overall risk (low/medium/high) | ||||||||
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a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | |||||||||
Annonu (2001) | Patients attending the Diabetic Center of Cairo University hospital, Egypt | 39–64 57 ± 6.8 | 66 (53%) | Not reported | Insulin use, alcoholism, clinical or electrocardiographic evidence of heart diseases and hypertension | 50 | No | L | H | H | H | L | L | L | L | L | Medium |
Fang (2005) | Asymptomatic patients from the ambulatory Diabetes Clinic at Princess Alexandra Hospital, Australia. | No age range or overall mean age reported | 101 (not reported) | Not reported | History of complaints of cardiac disease, history of coronary artery disease, valvular disease, atrial fibrillation, severe arrhythmias and congenital heart disease | 50 | No | L | H | L | H | H | L | L | H | H | High |
Dawson (2005) | Random volunteers from the Diabetes Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Scotland | 63.8 ± 10.6 | 500 (61.6%) | 6.0 ± 5.5 | Frailty and inability to give written informed consent | 45 | No | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | H | H | Medium |
Albertini (2008) | Consecutive asymptomatic patients admitted at the Avicenne Hospital endocrinology unit, France | 59.8 ± 1.5 | 91 (54%) | 13 ± 1.1 | Previous or suspected history of heart disease, intrinsic lung or overt renal disease, incomplete echocardiographic data or poor echogenicity | 50 | No | L | H | L | H | L | L | L | L | L | Medium |
Chaowalit (2006) | Patients referred for clinically indicated dobutamine stress echo, US | 67 ± 11 | 2349 (57%) | Not reported | None | 55 | No | H | H | H | L | L | L | L | L | L | Medium |
Srivastava (2008) | Patients referred for echocardiography as part of a routine complications surveillance programme, mainly by general practitioners (80%) and 20% from the hospital, at the Diabetic Clinic at Austin Health, Australia | 62 ± 1 | 229 (58%) | 10 ± 1 | None | 50 | No | L | L | H | H | L | L | L | H | L | Medium |
Poulsen (2010) | Patients referred, for the first time, for diabetes education or poorly regulated diabetes to the Diabetes Clinic at Odense University Hospital, Denmark | 58.6 ± 11.3 | 305 (54%) | 4.5 ± 5.3 | History of CVD, malignancy or End-stage kidney disease, pregnancy, body weight > 150 kg, physical or mental disability, not able to provide inform consent | 50 | No | L | H | L | H | L | L | L | L | L | Medium |
Aigbe (2012) | Randomly selected patients at the University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria | 26–80 55.4 ± 11.6 | 300 (150 cases, 43% male) | 4.5 ± 4.5 | Hypertension, pregnancy, sickle cell disease and structural heart disease | 50 | No | L | H | L | H | L | L | L | L | H | Medium |
Boonman-de Winter (2012) | Patients enrolled in the Diabetes Care programme of the Center for Diagnostic Support in Primary Care, the Netherlands | 71.5 ± 7.5 | 581 (53%) | Not reported | None | 45 | Yes | L | L | L | H | L | L | L | L | L | Low |
Cioffi (2012) | Non-institutionalized subjects > 45 years of age participating in the Dysfunction in DiAbetes’ (DYDA) study recruited in 37 diabetes referral centres, Italy | 61 ± 7 | 751 (61%) | 7 (3–13) | Myocardial infarction, myocarditis, HF, coronary heart disease, alcoholic cardiomyopathy, primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, asymptomatic known LVD, prior myocardial revascularization, valvular heart disease, atrial fibrillation, electrocardiographic findings of myocardial ischaemia, DMI and severe systematic disease with life expectancy < 2 years | 50 | No | L | H | L | L | L | L | L | L | L | Low |
Faden (2013) | Consecutive non-institutionalized subjects > 18 years of age attending a prospective, multicentre study, (SHORTWAVE) in cardiology and diabetes referral centres in 4 hospitals, Italy | 69 ± 10 | 386 (57%) | 5 (2–10) | Myocardial infarction, dilated cardiomyopathy or HF, primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, prior myocardial revascularization, valvular disease, atrial fibrillation, chronic pulmonary disease, DMI | Not reported | No | L | H | L | H | L | L | L | L | L | Medium |
Dodiyi-Manuel (2013) | Patients attending the Medical Outpatient Department of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Nigeria | 36–65 50.8 ± 9.1 | 180 (90 DMII patients, 43% male) | 3.4 ± 2.9 | Hypertension (> 140/90 mm Hg), anti-hypertensive medications, valvular abnormalities and wall motion abnormalities | 55 | No | L | H | H | H | L | L | L | L | L | Medium |
Chen (2014) | Consecutive patients treated with stable hypoglycaemic medication for at least 3 months recruited from the medical outpatient clinic of Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China | 62 ± 9 | 95 (39%) | 10 ± 8 | History or clinical symptoms of cardiovascular disease, including CAD, MI, stroke or peripheral vascular disease, renal impairment (eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2), liver failure, SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis | 50 | No | L | H | L | H | L | L | L | L | L | Medium |
Dandamundi (2014) | Random sample of residents participating in the Rochester Epidemiology Project, Olmsted County, USA | Normal LV function: 62.6 ± 9.1 | 2042 (136 DMII patients, 60% male) | Not reported | Missings on systolic or diastolic assessments | 50 | No | L | L | L | H | L | L | L | L | L | Low |
Diabetic cardiomyopathy: 68.5 ± 10.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ||
Any LV dysfunction: 67.6 ± 9.2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ||
Chaudhary (2015) | Normotensive patients with newly diagnosed (within 1 month) DMII recruited from the SVBP Hospital, LLRM Medical College, Meerut, India | 30–60 50.1 ± 6.3 | 100 (65%) | New onset | Hypertension > 130/80, abnormal ECG, already diagnosed DMII, antidiabetic treatment, valvular heart disease, ischaemic and hypertensive heart disease, congestive HF, cardiomyopathie, renal failure, COPD, severe anemia and haemoglobinopathies | 50 | No | L | H | H | H | L | L | L | L | L | Medium |
Xanthakis (2015) | Population based longitudinal study with DM or metabolic syndrome | 59.1 ± 10.46 | 761 (31%) | Not reported | History of CVD | 50 | No | L | L | L | H | L | L | L | L | L | Low |
Jørgensen (2016) | Patients with DMII recruited from Sterno Diabetes Centre and the Centre for Diabetes research in Copenhagen | 65.5 (58.8, 71.4) | 1030 (65.9%) | 11 (5.5, 17) | None | 50 | No | L | L | H | H | L | L | L | L | L | Medium |