| |
T1DM
|
T2DM
|
|---|
|
T1DM (n = 20)
|
Control to T1DM (n = 10)
|
P
|
T2DM (n = 20)
|
Control to T2DM (n = 10)
|
P
|
|---|
|
Age
|
35 ± 8
|
35 ± 9
|
0.99
|
52 ± 11
|
51 ± 13
|
0.8
|
|
Male (%)
|
13 (65)
|
6 (60)
|
0.74
|
16 (80)
|
7 (70)
|
0.66
|
|
Waist circumference (cm)
|
89 ± 13
|
84 ± 7
|
0.25
|
103 ± 10
|
91 ± 9
|
0.005
|
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
25.7 ± 3.2
|
24.7 ± 3.4
|
0.44
|
29.3 ± 3.4
|
24.7 ± 2.9
|
0.001
|
|
BSA (m2)
|
1.9 ± 0.2
|
1.9 ± 0.2
|
0.8
|
2.1 ± 0.2
|
2.0 ± 0.2
|
0.25
|
|
HbA1c mmol/mol (%)
|
65 ± 16 (8.1 ± 3.9)
|
33 ± 2 (5.1 ± 0.2)
|
< 0.0001
|
57 ± 12 (7.4 ± 1.1)
|
36 ± 3 (5.4 ± 0.2)
|
< 0.0001
|
|
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)
|
89 ± 4
|
88 ± 5
|
0.54
|
78 ± 17
|
87 ± 6
|
0.15
|
|
Urine ACR (mg/mmol)
|
1.4 ± 2.4
|
2.7 ± 4
|
0.30
|
9.7 ± 18.1
|
0.8 ± 0.6
|
0.13
|
|
Complications (%)
|
10 (50)
| | |
10 (50)
| | |
|
Microalbuminuria (%)
|
3 (15)
|
0 (0)
| |
8 (40)
|
0 (0)
| |
|
Retinopathy (%)
|
10 (50)
|
0 (0)
| |
5 (25)
|
0 (0)
| |
|
Neuropathy (%)
|
2 (10)
| | |
1 (5)
| | |
|
Diabetes duration (years)
|
19 ± 10
| | |
12 ± 7
| | |
|
Diabetes therapy
|
|
Insulin (%)
|
20 (100)
| | |
11 (55)
| | |
|
Metformin (%)
|
0 (0)
| | |
19 (95)
| | |
|
Sulfonylurea (%)
|
0 (0)
| | |
5 (25)
| | |
|
GLP1/DPP4-I
|
0 (0)
| | |
7 (35)
| | |
|
SGLT2-I
|
0 (0)
| | |
2 (10)
| | |
|
ACE-I/ARB
|
4 (20)
| | |
11 (55)
| | |
|
Statin
|
3 (15)
|
1 (10)
|
1.0
|
14 (70)
|
2 (20)
|
0.019
|
|
24 h average BP
|
|
Systolic (mmHg)
|
121 ± 10
|
116 ± 11
|
0.21
|
130 ± 10
|
127 ± 12
|
0.53
|
|
Diastolic (mmHg)
|
74 ± 4
|
72 ± 6
|
0.33
|
79 ± 6
|
82 ± 9
|
0.27
|
|
Hypertension (%)
|
3 (15)
|
0 (0)
|
0.23
|
10 (50)
|
1 (10)
|
0.049
|
|
Smoker
|
0 (0)
|
0 (0)
| |
3 (15)
|
0 (0)
|
0.06
|
|
MET hours
|
34.1 ± 30.5
|
40.2 ± 51.8
|
0.69
|
10.5 ± 12.1
|
27.8 ± 30.0
|
0.031
|
|
Cardiopulmonary test
|
|
Maximum power (W)
|
236 ± 100
|
258 ± 89
|
0.57
|
158 ± 46
|
230 ± 49
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Power (% predicted)
|
120 ± 33
|
122 ± 26
|
0.87
|
85 ± 18
|
115 ± 19
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Maximum HR (bpm)
|
170 ± 15
|
179 ± 13
|
0.13
|
154 ± 21
|
165 ± 15
|
0.17
|
|
HR (% predicted)
|
92 ± 7
|
97 ± 5
|
0.07
|
92 ± 11
|
98 ± 8
|
0.15
|
|
\(\dot{V}O_{2}\) (ml/min)
|
2886 ± 877
|
3238 ± 867
|
0.31
|
2341 ± 601
|
2959 ± 521
|
0.01
|
|
\(\dot{V}O_{2}\)peak (ml/min/kg)
|
38 ± 9
|
43 ± 13
|
0.20
|
26 ± 6
|
38 ± 8
|
< 0.0001
|
|
\(\dot{V}O_{2}\)peak (% predicted)
|
99 ± 20
|
112 ± 31
|
0.16
|
88 ± 18
|
126 ± 33
|
< 0.0001
|
|
\(\dot{V}{\text{E}}/\dot{V}{\text{CO}}_{2}\)
|
23 ± 3
|
22 ± 4
|
0.43
|
26 ± 3
|
23 ± 4
|
0.06
|
|
RER
|
1.23 ± 0.10
|
1.29 ± 0.11
|
0.17
|
1.20 ± 0.09
|
1.23 ± 0.08
|
0.44
|
- Statistically significant differences are highlighted in italic
- BMI body mass index, BSA body surface area, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, ACR albumin-creatinine ratio, GLP1 glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, DPP4-I dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, SGLT2-I sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor, ACE-I angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker, BP blood pressure, MET metabolic equivalent, HR heart rate, \(\dot{V}O_{2}\) volume of oxygen, \(\dot{V}O_{2}\)peak peak oxygen consumption, \(\dot{V}{\text{E}}/\dot{V}{\text{CO}}_{2}\) minute ventilation/volume of carbon dioxide, RER respiratory exchange ratio
