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Table 2 Characteristics and endpoints incidence of all diabetic patients and divided into tertiles of 24-month fasting glycemia variability

From: Long-term visit-to-visit glycemic variability as predictor of micro- and macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes: The Rio de Janeiro Type 2 Diabetes Cohort Study

Characteristics

All patients

(n = 654)

1st-tertile

FG-SD

≤ 1.40 mmol/l

(n = 218)

2nd-tertile

FG-SD

1.41–2.60 mmol/l

(n = 218)

3rd-tertile

FG-SD

≥ 2.61 mmol/l

(n = 218)

p value

Age (years)

60.1 (9.6)

60.6 (9.8)

60.5 (9.2)

59.1 (9.5)

0.16

Male sex (%)

38.1

38.7

36.2

39.9

0.45

BMI (kg/m2)

29.8 (4.6)

29.9 (4.6)

29.9 (5.0)

29.5 (5.0)

0.63

Smoking, current/past (%)

45.1

46.5

38.5

50.9

0.031

Physical activity (%)

22.4

27.6

20.2

18.9

0.017

Diabetes duration (years)

8 (3–15)

4 (1–10)

10 (5–15)

10 (5–17)

< 0.001

Chronic diabetic complications (%)

 Cerebrovascular disease

9.0

6.9

6.4

13.3

0.019

 Coronary artery disease

15.6

11.1

15.1

21.1

0.015

 Peripheral artery disease

17.0

10.6

19.9

20.6

0.008

 Retinopathy

32.7

19.2

36.4

41.4

< 0.001

 Nephropathy

31.0

22.4

26.0

45.8

< 0.001

 Peripheral neuropathy

29.0

20.4

30.4

37.3

0.001

 Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy

18.1

12.4

21.2

21.4

0.042

Diabetes treatment (%)

 Metformin

87.9

90.8

91.3

80.7

0.001

 Sulfonylureas

43.3

40.6

50.9

39.4

0.029

 Insulin

48.9

24.9

52.3

68.8

< 0.001

 Aspirin

90.9

87.5

90.2

94.5

0.040

Dyslipidemia (%)

87.3

88.0

87.2

86.7

0.92

 Statins use (%)

77.5

78.2

77.9

76.0

0.84

Arterial hypertension (%)

86.5

83.9

89.0

86.6

0.29

Number of anti-hypertensive drugs

3 (1–4)

2 (1–3)

3 (2–4)

3 (1–4)

0.001

 ACE inhibitors/AR blockers (%)

83.0

80.6

84.2

84.8

0.47

 Diuretics (%)

67.7

59.7

75.7

68.6

0.002

 Calcium channel blockers (%)

31.7

26.7

35.6

34.3

0.11

 Beta-blockers (%)

50.1

43.2

54.0

53.9

0.043

Blood pressures (mmHg)

 Clinic SBP

147 (25)

143 (22)

149 (26)

149 (25)

0.012

 Clinic DBP

84 (13)

83 (12)

85 (14)

85 (14)

0.11

 Ambulatory 24 h SBP

128 (15)

125 (13)

129 (15)

131 (17)

0.001

 Ambulatory 24 h DBP

74 (10)

73 (9)

74 (9)

75 (11)

0.078

Laboratory variables

 Baseline FG (mmol/l)

8.99 (3.89)

7.55 (2.83)

9.27 (3.72)

10.16 (4.44)

< 0.001

 Mean 12-month FG

8.10 (2.42)

6.77 (1.67)

7.94 (2.11)

9.55 (2.45)

< 0.001

 Mean 24-month FG

8.09 (2.39)

6.83 (1.67)

7.88 (2.11)

9.55 (2.44)

< 0.001

 Baseline HbA1c (%)

8.1 (1.9)

7.1 (1.5)

8.1 (1.7)

9.0 (2.1)

< 0.001

 (mmol/mol)

65 (20.8)

54 (16.4)

65 (18.6)

75 (23.0)

 

 Mean 12-month HbA1c (%)

7.8 (1.5)

6.9 (1.0)

7.7 (1.1)

8.9 (1.5)

< 0.001

 (mmol/mol)

62 (16.4)

52 (10.9)

61 (12.0)

74 (16.4)

 

 Mean 24-month HbA1c (%)

7.8 (1.4)

6.9 (0.9)

7.7 (1.1)

8.9 (1.4)

< 0.001

 (mmol/mol)

62 (15.3)

52 (9.8)

61 (12.0)

74 (15.3)

 

 Triacylglycerol (mmol/l)

2.0 (1.5)

1.9 (1.4)

1.9 (1.2)

2.3 (1.8)

0.081

 HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l)

1.11 (0.30)

1.11 (0.28)

1.11 (0.28)

1.09 (0.34)

0.47

 LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l)

3.03 (1.00)

3.10 (1.01)

2.97 (0.93)

3.05 (1.09)

0.48

 Glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73 m2)

81 (20)

82 (18)

81 (20)

79 (23)

0.22

 Albuminuria (mg/24 h)

13 (7–42)

10 (6–23)

13 (7–28)

20 (9–98)

< 0.001

Macrovascular outcomesa

 Total CVEs

128 (2.56)

29 (1.69)

39 (2.38)

60 (3.89)

< 0.001

 Major CVEs

96 (1.86)

21 (1.20)

28 (1.67)

47 (2.92)

< 0.001

 Cardiovascular mortality

67 (1.26)

14 (0.77)

20 (1.17)

33 (1.94)

0.007

 All-cause mortality

158 (2.97)

36 (1.99)

46 (2.69)

76 (4.47)

< 0.001

Microvascular outcomesb

 Retinopathy (incident/worsening) (n = 533)

152 (4.88)

32 (2.73)

42 (4.15)

78 (8.84)

< 0.001

 Renal composite (n = 615)

183 (4.71)

43 (3.16)

57 (4.64)

83 (6.71)

< 0.001

 Microalbuminuria (incident) (n = 436)

89 (3.23)

25 (2.30)

33 (3.61)

31 (4.30)

0.048

 Renal failure (n = 615)

91 (2.15)

16 (1.10)

25 (1.85)

50 (3.63)

< 0.001

 Peripheral neuropathy (incident/worsening) (n = 471)

96 (20.4%)

20 (12.1%)

34 (22.1%)

42 (28.4%)

< 0.001

 Peripheral neuropathy (incident) (n = 338)

42 (12.4%)

13 (9.7%)

13 (12.4%)

16 (16.8%)

0.11

  1. Values are proportions, and means (standard deviations) or medians (interquartile range)
  2. FG fasting glycemia, ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, AR angiotensin II receptor, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HbA 1c glycated hemoglobin, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, CVEs cardiovascular events
  3. aValues are absolute numbers (incidence rate per 100 patient-years of follow-up)
  4. bValues are absolute numbers (incidence rate per 100 patient-years of follow-up), except for peripheral neuropathy that are absolute numbers (proportions)