Characteristics | All patients (n = 654) | 1st-tertile FG-SD ≤ 1.40 mmol/l (n = 218) | 2nd-tertile FG-SD 1.41–2.60 mmol/l (n = 218) | 3rd-tertile FG-SD ≥ 2.61 mmol/l (n = 218) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 60.1 (9.6) | 60.6 (9.8) | 60.5 (9.2) | 59.1 (9.5) | 0.16 |
Male sex (%) | 38.1 | 38.7 | 36.2 | 39.9 | 0.45 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.8 (4.6) | 29.9 (4.6) | 29.9 (5.0) | 29.5 (5.0) | 0.63 |
Smoking, current/past (%) | 45.1 | 46.5 | 38.5 | 50.9 | 0.031 |
Physical activity (%) | 22.4 | 27.6 | 20.2 | 18.9 | 0.017 |
Diabetes duration (years) | 8 (3–15) | 4 (1–10) | 10 (5–15) | 10 (5–17) | < 0.001 |
Chronic diabetic complications (%) | |||||
 Cerebrovascular disease | 9.0 | 6.9 | 6.4 | 13.3 | 0.019 |
 Coronary artery disease | 15.6 | 11.1 | 15.1 | 21.1 | 0.015 |
 Peripheral artery disease | 17.0 | 10.6 | 19.9 | 20.6 | 0.008 |
 Retinopathy | 32.7 | 19.2 | 36.4 | 41.4 | < 0.001 |
 Nephropathy | 31.0 | 22.4 | 26.0 | 45.8 | < 0.001 |
 Peripheral neuropathy | 29.0 | 20.4 | 30.4 | 37.3 | 0.001 |
 Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy | 18.1 | 12.4 | 21.2 | 21.4 | 0.042 |
Diabetes treatment (%) | |||||
 Metformin | 87.9 | 90.8 | 91.3 | 80.7 | 0.001 |
 Sulfonylureas | 43.3 | 40.6 | 50.9 | 39.4 | 0.029 |
 Insulin | 48.9 | 24.9 | 52.3 | 68.8 | < 0.001 |
 Aspirin | 90.9 | 87.5 | 90.2 | 94.5 | 0.040 |
Dyslipidemia (%) | 87.3 | 88.0 | 87.2 | 86.7 | 0.92 |
 Statins use (%) | 77.5 | 78.2 | 77.9 | 76.0 | 0.84 |
Arterial hypertension (%) | 86.5 | 83.9 | 89.0 | 86.6 | 0.29 |
Number of anti-hypertensive drugs | 3 (1–4) | 2 (1–3) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (1–4) | 0.001 |
 ACE inhibitors/AR blockers (%) | 83.0 | 80.6 | 84.2 | 84.8 | 0.47 |
 Diuretics (%) | 67.7 | 59.7 | 75.7 | 68.6 | 0.002 |
 Calcium channel blockers (%) | 31.7 | 26.7 | 35.6 | 34.3 | 0.11 |
 Beta-blockers (%) | 50.1 | 43.2 | 54.0 | 53.9 | 0.043 |
Blood pressures (mmHg) | |||||
 Clinic SBP | 147 (25) | 143 (22) | 149 (26) | 149 (25) | 0.012 |
 Clinic DBP | 84 (13) | 83 (12) | 85 (14) | 85 (14) | 0.11 |
 Ambulatory 24 h SBP | 128 (15) | 125 (13) | 129 (15) | 131 (17) | 0.001 |
 Ambulatory 24 h DBP | 74 (10) | 73 (9) | 74 (9) | 75 (11) | 0.078 |
Laboratory variables | |||||
 Baseline FG (mmol/l) | 8.99 (3.89) | 7.55 (2.83) | 9.27 (3.72) | 10.16 (4.44) | < 0.001 |
 Mean 12-month FG | 8.10 (2.42) | 6.77 (1.67) | 7.94 (2.11) | 9.55 (2.45) | < 0.001 |
 Mean 24-month FG | 8.09 (2.39) | 6.83 (1.67) | 7.88 (2.11) | 9.55 (2.44) | < 0.001 |
 Baseline HbA1c (%) | 8.1 (1.9) | 7.1 (1.5) | 8.1 (1.7) | 9.0 (2.1) | < 0.001 |
 (mmol/mol) | 65 (20.8) | 54 (16.4) | 65 (18.6) | 75 (23.0) |  |
 Mean 12-month HbA1c (%) | 7.8 (1.5) | 6.9 (1.0) | 7.7 (1.1) | 8.9 (1.5) | < 0.001 |
 (mmol/mol) | 62 (16.4) | 52 (10.9) | 61 (12.0) | 74 (16.4) |  |
 Mean 24-month HbA1c (%) | 7.8 (1.4) | 6.9 (0.9) | 7.7 (1.1) | 8.9 (1.4) | < 0.001 |
 (mmol/mol) | 62 (15.3) | 52 (9.8) | 61 (12.0) | 74 (15.3) |  |
 Triacylglycerol (mmol/l) | 2.0 (1.5) | 1.9 (1.4) | 1.9 (1.2) | 2.3 (1.8) | 0.081 |
 HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.11 (0.30) | 1.11 (0.28) | 1.11 (0.28) | 1.09 (0.34) | 0.47 |
 LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3.03 (1.00) | 3.10 (1.01) | 2.97 (0.93) | 3.05 (1.09) | 0.48 |
 Glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 81 (20) | 82 (18) | 81 (20) | 79 (23) | 0.22 |
 Albuminuria (mg/24 h) | 13 (7–42) | 10 (6–23) | 13 (7–28) | 20 (9–98) | < 0.001 |
Macrovascular outcomesa | |||||
 Total CVEs | 128 (2.56) | 29 (1.69) | 39 (2.38) | 60 (3.89) | < 0.001 |
 Major CVEs | 96 (1.86) | 21 (1.20) | 28 (1.67) | 47 (2.92) | < 0.001 |
 Cardiovascular mortality | 67 (1.26) | 14 (0.77) | 20 (1.17) | 33 (1.94) | 0.007 |
 All-cause mortality | 158 (2.97) | 36 (1.99) | 46 (2.69) | 76 (4.47) | < 0.001 |
Microvascular outcomesb | |||||
 Retinopathy (incident/worsening) (n = 533) | 152 (4.88) | 32 (2.73) | 42 (4.15) | 78 (8.84) | < 0.001 |
 Renal composite (n = 615) | 183 (4.71) | 43 (3.16) | 57 (4.64) | 83 (6.71) | < 0.001 |
 Microalbuminuria (incident) (n = 436) | 89 (3.23) | 25 (2.30) | 33 (3.61) | 31 (4.30) | 0.048 |
 Renal failure (n = 615) | 91 (2.15) | 16 (1.10) | 25 (1.85) | 50 (3.63) | < 0.001 |
 Peripheral neuropathy (incident/worsening) (n = 471) | 96 (20.4%) | 20 (12.1%) | 34 (22.1%) | 42 (28.4%) | < 0.001 |
 Peripheral neuropathy (incident) (n = 338) | 42 (12.4%) | 13 (9.7%) | 13 (12.4%) | 16 (16.8%) | 0.11 |