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Table 1 Patient socio-demographics, healthcare utilization, lab results and prescribed drugs up until the time of the index HbA1C measurement (6 months after diagnosis), stratified according to patient health status

From: Control of glycemia and blood pressure in British adults with diabetes mellitus and subsequent therapy choices: a comparison across health states

Characteristics

Overall (n = 292,170)

Otherwise fit (n = 270,068)

Mild frailty (n = 21,448)

Moderate or severe frailty (n = 654)

p value

Age, mean (SD)

61.7 (15.6)

60.8 (15.5)

71.7 (12.2)

77.2 (11.2)

< 0.0001

Female, % (n)

45.2 (132,167)

44.3 (119,595)

56.7 (12,169)

61.6 (403)

< 0.0001

Number of primary care physician visits in the year prior to index measurement, median (Q1, Q3)

14 (8, 21)

13 (7, 20)

25 (16, 36)

39 (29, 54)

< 0.0001

Charlson score, mean (SD)

1.10 (0.92)

1.04 (0.86)

1.85 (1.28)

2.73 (1.6)

< 0.0001

At least two chronic comorbidities (from the list below)

8.0 (23,464)

5.1 (13,768)

42.8 (9187)

77.8 (509)

< 0.0001

Specific comorbidities (not mutually exclusive)

 Hypertension

15.6 (45,470)

14 (37,695)

35 (7516)

39.6 (259)

< 0.0001

 Chronic kidney disease

1.1 (3166)

0.8 (2054)

4.8 (1038)

11.3 (74)

< 0.0001

 Ischemic heart disease (including prior myocardial infarction or CABG)

6.0 (17,501)

4.4 (11,888)

24.9 (5334)

42.7 (279)

< 0.0001

 Heart failure

1.8 (5256)

0.8 (2246)

12.8 (2748)

40.1 (262)

< 0.0001

 Cerebrovascular disease

2.1 (6133)

1.7 (4701)

6.3 (1360)

11.0 (72)

< 0.0001

 COPD

3.3 (9523)

2.5 (6875)

11.6 (2489)

24.3 (159)

< 0.0001

 Cancer

0.1 (347)

0.1 (270)

0.3 (75)

0.3 (2)

< 0.0001

 Depression

4.6 (13,484)

4.3 (11,585)

8.4 (1795)

15.9 (104)

< 0.0001

 Dementia

0.6 (1818)

0.4 (1118)

3.0 (647)

8.1 (53)

< 0.0001

 Urinary incontinence

1.5 (4369)

0.9 (2528)

8.0 (1707)

20.5 (134)

< 0.0001

 Arthritis

5.6 (16,476)

4.3 (11,687)

21.2 (4552)

36.2 (237)

< 0.0001

Diabetes complications

 Retinopathy

5.2 (15,131)

4.9 (13,114)

9.1 (1951)

10.1 (66)

< 0.0001

 Neuropathy

0.4 (1031)

0.3 (823)

0.9 (201)

1.1 (7)

< 0.0001

 Nephropathy

0.2 (566)

0.1 (365)

0.9 (195)

0.9 (6)

< 0.0001

 Any of the above

5.6 (16,396)

5.2 (14,097)

10.4 (2224)

11.5 (75)

< 0.0001

Physical measurements closest to index HbA1C date

 SBP

138.2 (19.4)

138.1 (19.3)

139.9 (21.3)

137.9 (22.6)

< 0.0001

 DBP

79.2 (11.0)

79.4 (10.9)

77.4 (11.8)

74.5 (12.5)

< 0.0001

 BMI

30.0 (6.9)

30.17 (6.9)

28.8 (7.1)

26.0 (6.8)

< 0.0001

Lab values

 Estimated glomerular filtration rate category (mL/min)

70.7 (18.1)

71.3 (17.8)

62.7 (19.5)

56.5 (20.7)

< 0.0001

 < 30

1.6 (833)

1.3 (639)

4.8 (181)

9.8 (13)

< 0.0001

 30 to < 60

17.6 (9089)

16.3 (7752)

33.7 (1275)

47 (62)

< 0.0001

 ≥ 60

80.7 (41,581)

82.4 (39,192)

61.6 (2332)

43.2 (57)

< 0.0001

 Mean (SD) total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.77 (3.62)

4.78 (3.73)

4.66 (1.69)

4.41 (1.17)

0.007

 Mean (SD) triglycerides (mmol/L)

2.02 (1.97)

2.02 (2)

1.96 (1.41)

1.93 (1.41)

0.05

 Mean (SD) LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

2.6 (2.92)

2.61 (3.02)

2.43 (0.95)

2.15 (0.75)

0.001

 Mean (SD) HbA1c (%)

7.37 (1.64)

7.38 (1.64)

7.23 (1.56)

7.10 (1.46)

< 0.0001

Drugs prescribed within 120 days preceding the index HbA1C measurement (not mutually exclusive)

 Insulin

17.0 (49,623)

16.9 (45,740)

17.5 (3764)

18.2 (119)

0.05

 Sulfonylurea

24.2 (70,666)

23.6 (63,625)

31.7 (6789)

38.5 (252)

< 0.0001

 Metformin

48.2 (140,964)

48.4 (130,620)

46.9 (10,058)

43.7 (286)

< 0.0001

 Thiazolidinedione

4.2 (12,376)

4.2 (11,441)

4.2 (911)

3.7 (24)

0.77

 Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors

1.0 (2899)

1.0 (2684)

1.0 (207)

1.2 (8)

0.77

 Other antidiabetic agents

1.4 (4088)

1.4 (3756)

1.5 (318)

2.1 (14)

0.15

 ACE inhibitor/ARB

46.8 (136,812)

45.4 (122,711)

63.6 (13,637)

70.9 (464)

< 0.0001

 Statin

51.9 (151,782)

51.3 (138,509)

60.1 (12,882)

59.8 (391)

< 0.0001

 Beta blocker

18.1 (52,776)

17.7 (47,821)

22.5 (4818)

20.9 (137)

< 0.0001

 Other antihypertensive agents

71.4 (208,666)

70.5 (190,427)

82.5 (17,696)

83.0 (543)

< 0.0001

 Antiplatelet agent

37.9 (110,589)

36 (97,216)

60.2 (12,908)

71.1 (465)

< 0.0001

  1. Patient characteristics are reported as means and standard deviations for continuous variables and proportions for categorical variables (with numbers in brackets)
  2. Health status defined by eFI score: fit (≤ 0.12), mild frailty (eFI 0.13–0.24), moderate frailty (eFI 0.25–0.36), and severe frailty (eFI > 0.36) [21].