Characteristics | Overall (n = 292,170) | Otherwise fit (n = 270,068) | Mild frailty (n = 21,448) | Moderate or severe frailty (n = 654) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD) | 61.7 (15.6) | 60.8 (15.5) | 71.7 (12.2) | 77.2 (11.2) | < 0.0001 |
Female, % (n) | 45.2 (132,167) | 44.3 (119,595) | 56.7 (12,169) | 61.6 (403) | < 0.0001 |
Number of primary care physician visits in the year prior to index measurement, median (Q1, Q3) | 14 (8, 21) | 13 (7, 20) | 25 (16, 36) | 39 (29, 54) | < 0.0001 |
Charlson score, mean (SD) | 1.10 (0.92) | 1.04 (0.86) | 1.85 (1.28) | 2.73 (1.6) | < 0.0001 |
At least two chronic comorbidities (from the list below) | 8.0 (23,464) | 5.1 (13,768) | 42.8 (9187) | 77.8 (509) | < 0.0001 |
Specific comorbidities (not mutually exclusive) | |||||
Hypertension | 15.6 (45,470) | 14 (37,695) | 35 (7516) | 39.6 (259) | < 0.0001 |
Chronic kidney disease | 1.1 (3166) | 0.8 (2054) | 4.8 (1038) | 11.3 (74) | < 0.0001 |
Ischemic heart disease (including prior myocardial infarction or CABG) | 6.0 (17,501) | 4.4 (11,888) | 24.9 (5334) | 42.7 (279) | < 0.0001 |
Heart failure | 1.8 (5256) | 0.8 (2246) | 12.8 (2748) | 40.1 (262) | < 0.0001 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 2.1 (6133) | 1.7 (4701) | 6.3 (1360) | 11.0 (72) | < 0.0001 |
COPD | 3.3 (9523) | 2.5 (6875) | 11.6 (2489) | 24.3 (159) | < 0.0001 |
Cancer | 0.1 (347) | 0.1 (270) | 0.3 (75) | 0.3 (2) | < 0.0001 |
Depression | 4.6 (13,484) | 4.3 (11,585) | 8.4 (1795) | 15.9 (104) | < 0.0001 |
Dementia | 0.6 (1818) | 0.4 (1118) | 3.0 (647) | 8.1 (53) | < 0.0001 |
Urinary incontinence | 1.5 (4369) | 0.9 (2528) | 8.0 (1707) | 20.5 (134) | < 0.0001 |
Arthritis | 5.6 (16,476) | 4.3 (11,687) | 21.2 (4552) | 36.2 (237) | < 0.0001 |
Diabetes complications | |||||
Retinopathy | 5.2 (15,131) | 4.9 (13,114) | 9.1 (1951) | 10.1 (66) | < 0.0001 |
Neuropathy | 0.4 (1031) | 0.3 (823) | 0.9 (201) | 1.1 (7) | < 0.0001 |
Nephropathy | 0.2 (566) | 0.1 (365) | 0.9 (195) | 0.9 (6) | < 0.0001 |
Any of the above | 5.6 (16,396) | 5.2 (14,097) | 10.4 (2224) | 11.5 (75) | < 0.0001 |
Physical measurements closest to index HbA1C date | |||||
SBP | 138.2 (19.4) | 138.1 (19.3) | 139.9 (21.3) | 137.9 (22.6) | < 0.0001 |
DBP | 79.2 (11.0) | 79.4 (10.9) | 77.4 (11.8) | 74.5 (12.5) | < 0.0001 |
BMI | 30.0 (6.9) | 30.17 (6.9) | 28.8 (7.1) | 26.0 (6.8) | < 0.0001 |
Lab values | |||||
Estimated glomerular filtration rate category (mL/min) | 70.7 (18.1) | 71.3 (17.8) | 62.7 (19.5) | 56.5 (20.7) | < 0.0001 |
< 30 | 1.6 (833) | 1.3 (639) | 4.8 (181) | 9.8 (13) | < 0.0001 |
30 to < 60 | 17.6 (9089) | 16.3 (7752) | 33.7 (1275) | 47 (62) | < 0.0001 |
≥ 60 | 80.7 (41,581) | 82.4 (39,192) | 61.6 (2332) | 43.2 (57) | < 0.0001 |
Mean (SD) total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.77 (3.62) | 4.78 (3.73) | 4.66 (1.69) | 4.41 (1.17) | 0.007 |
Mean (SD) triglycerides (mmol/L) | 2.02 (1.97) | 2.02 (2) | 1.96 (1.41) | 1.93 (1.41) | 0.05 |
Mean (SD) LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.6 (2.92) | 2.61 (3.02) | 2.43 (0.95) | 2.15 (0.75) | 0.001 |
Mean (SD) HbA1c (%) | 7.37 (1.64) | 7.38 (1.64) | 7.23 (1.56) | 7.10 (1.46) | < 0.0001 |
Drugs prescribed within 120 days preceding the index HbA1C measurement (not mutually exclusive) | |||||
Insulin | 17.0 (49,623) | 16.9 (45,740) | 17.5 (3764) | 18.2 (119) | 0.05 |
Sulfonylurea | 24.2 (70,666) | 23.6 (63,625) | 31.7 (6789) | 38.5 (252) | < 0.0001 |
Metformin | 48.2 (140,964) | 48.4 (130,620) | 46.9 (10,058) | 43.7 (286) | < 0.0001 |
Thiazolidinedione | 4.2 (12,376) | 4.2 (11,441) | 4.2 (911) | 3.7 (24) | 0.77 |
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors | 1.0 (2899) | 1.0 (2684) | 1.0 (207) | 1.2 (8) | 0.77 |
Other antidiabetic agents | 1.4 (4088) | 1.4 (3756) | 1.5 (318) | 2.1 (14) | 0.15 |
ACE inhibitor/ARB | 46.8 (136,812) | 45.4 (122,711) | 63.6 (13,637) | 70.9 (464) | < 0.0001 |
Statin | 51.9 (151,782) | 51.3 (138,509) | 60.1 (12,882) | 59.8 (391) | < 0.0001 |
Beta blocker | 18.1 (52,776) | 17.7 (47,821) | 22.5 (4818) | 20.9 (137) | < 0.0001 |
Other antihypertensive agents | 71.4 (208,666) | 70.5 (190,427) | 82.5 (17,696) | 83.0 (543) | < 0.0001 |
Antiplatelet agent | 37.9 (110,589) | 36 (97,216) | 60.2 (12,908) | 71.1 (465) | < 0.0001 |