Association of depression with evolution of heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Table 4 Cox regression analysis for primary composite endpoint in 254 elderly asymptomatic patients with T2DM

Variable	No. of patients	No. of HF	No. of death	Unadjusted HR (95% CI) p value	LVH-adjusted HR (95% CI)^a p value	E/e′-adjusted HR (95% CI)^b p value	Adjusted HR (95% CI)^c p value
Age	254	37	3	1.06 (0.99, 1.13) 0.064	–	–	1.06 (0.99, 1.14) 0.055
Male gender	142	25	3	1.81 (0.92, 3.56) 0.086	–	–	1.36 (0.61, 2.92) 0.466
Obesity	124	29	1	3.61 (1.76, 7.39) < 0.001	2.87 (1.38, 5.98) 0.005	3.27 (1.58, 5.75) 0.001	2.97 (1.44, 6.30) 0.004
HbA1c	32	10	2	3.27 (1.66, 6.43) 0.001	2.04 (0.99, 4.22) 0.054	2.47 (1.22, 5.00) 0.012	2.01 (0.93, 4.10) 0.077
LVH	35	13	1	3.92 (2.04, 7.52) < 0.001	3.24 (1.65, 6.38) 0.001	–	2.67 (1.25, 5.99) 0.011
E/e′	26	4	0	1.04 (0.37, 2.94) 0.934	–	1.11 (0.39, 3.18) 0.845	0.82 (0.26, 2.52) 0.724
Depression	25	7	0	3.21 (1.41, 7.30) 0.005	2.80 (1.16, 6.76) 0.022	2.39 (1.01, 5.67) 0.048	3.14 (1.27, 7.74) 0.013

Obesity, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²; poor HbA1c, ICFFstd-HbA1c > 64 mmol/mol; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy, cutoff > 115 g/m² for males, > 95 g/m² for females; E/e′ ratio, cutoff > 13; depression, the score of PHQ-9 questionnaire ≥ 10
HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval
Italic values indicate significant associations
^aIn the multivariate cox model, obesity, poor HbA1c, LVH and depression were entered into the model
^bIn the multivariate cox model, obesity, poor HbA1c, E/e′ and depression were entered into the model
^cIn the multivariate cox model, age, male gender, obesity, poor HbA1c, LVH, E/e′ and depression were entered into the model

ISSN: 1475-2840