From: Association of depression with evolution of heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
HR (95% CI) | p value | |
---|---|---|
Demographic and clinical characteristics | ||
Age | 1.06 (0.99, 1.32) | 0.064 |
Male gender (yes/no) | 1.81 (0.92, 3.56) | 0.086 |
Weight | 1.04 (1.02, 1.05) | < 0.001 |
BMI | 1.10 (1.06, 1.15) | < 0.001 |
Waist circumference | 1.05 (1.03, 1.08) | < 0.001 |
Obesity (yes/no) | 3.61 (1.76, 7.39) | < 0.001 |
Heart rate | 0.99 (0.97, 1.03) | 0.727 |
Systolic blood pressure | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 0.314 |
Diastolic blood pressure | 0.90 (0.99, 1.03) | 0.895 |
Hypertension (yes/no) | 1.07 (0.52, 2.19) | 0.854 |
Family history of HF (yes/no) | 0.70 (0.33, 1.47) | 0.349 |
Past chemotherapy (yes/no) | 1.54 (0.60, 3.93) | 0.536 |
Past heart disease (yes/no) | 1.46 (0.45, 4.74) | 0.529 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) | 0.009 |
HbA1c > 64 mmol/mol (n, %) | 3.27 (1.66, 6.43) | 0.001 |
Medication | ||
Insulin (yes/no) | 1.77 (0.92, 3.39) | 0.086 |
Metformin (yes/no) | 0.72 (0.38, 1.36) | 0.310 |
ACEi/ARB (yes/no) | 1.12 (0.57, 2.20) | 0.749 |
Beta-blockers (yes/no) | 3.25 (1.36, 7.77) | 0.008 |
Calcium antagonists (yes/no) | 0.50 (0.21, 1.18) | 0.114 |
Diuretics (yes/no) | 0.91 (0.33, 2.65) | 0.909 |
Lipid lowering med (yes/no) | 1.32 (0.71, 2.48) | 0.382 |
Questionnaire | ||
PHQ-9 score (continuous) | 1.08 (1.01, 1.16) | 0.021 |
PHQ-9 score ≥ 10 (yes/no) | 3.21 (1.41, 7.30) | 0.005 |
PHQ-9 score (categorical) | ||
0–4 | Ref | |
5–9 | 0.58 (0.18, 1.89) | 0.362 |
≥ 10 | 3.01 (1.32, 6.89) | 0.009 |
Echocardiography | ||
LV ejection fraction | 0.95 (0.90, 0.99) | 0.018 |
Mitral early-diastolic inflow velocity (E wave) | 3.46 (0.54, 22.39) | 0.192 |
Mitral late-diastolic inflow velocity (A wave) | 1.81 (0.32, 10.31) | 0.503 |
Transmitral diastolic flow velocity ratio (E/A) | 0.92 (0.16, 5.31) | 0.929 |
Early diastolic mitral annular velocity (e′) | 1.05 (0.86, 1.28) | 0.644 |
Mitral E/e′ septal–lateral ratio | 1.05 (0.94, 1.17) | 0.437 |
E/e′ ratio > 13 (yes/no) | 1.04 (0.37, 2.94) | 0.934 |
Deceleration time (DT) | 0.99 (0.99, 1.00) | 0.363 |
LV mass index (g/m2) | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) | < 0.001 |
LV mass index (g/m1.7) | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) | < 0.001 |
LV hypertrophy (yes/no)a | 3.92 (2.04, 7.52) | < 0.001 |