Table 2 Baseline demographic, clinical and echocardiographic variable comparisons among T2DM patients categorized by the presence of depression (n = 254)
From: Association of depression with evolution of heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Depression (n = 25) | No depression (n = 229) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
Demographic and clinical characteristics | |||
Age (years) | 70.6 ± 3.8 | 70.9 ± 4.4 | 0.418 |
Male gender (n, %) | 11 (44.0) | 131 (57.2) | 0.208 |
Weight (kg) | 92.6 ± 22.8 | 85.1 ± 16.5 | 0.122 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 34.1 ± 7.8 | 29.8 ± 5.6 | 0.012 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 109.0 ± 14.2 | 102.4 ± 13.1 | 0.032 |
Obesity (n, %) | 18 (72.0) | 106 (46.3) | 0.015 |
Heart rate (n/min) | 70 ± 11 | 68 ± 11 | 0.280 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 138 ± 17 | 139 ± 14 | 0.936 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80 ± 12 | 81 ± 9 | 0.748 |
Hypertension (n, %) | 19 (76.0) | 171 (74.7) | 0.985 |
Family history of HF (n, %) | 10 (40.0) | 63 (27.5) | 0.191 |
Past chemotherapy (n, %) | 4 (16.0) | 18 (7.9) | 0.170 |
Past heart disease (n, %) | 3 (12.0) | 11 (4.8) | 0.135 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 57.6 ± 10.6 | 53.0 ± 10.0 | 0.049 |
HbA1c > 64 mmol/mol (n, %) | 8 (32) | 24 (10.5) | 0.002 |
Medication | |||
Insulin (n, %) | 11 (44.0) | 49 (21.4) | 0.012 |
Metformin (n, %) | 18 (72.0) | 157 (68.6) | 0.725 |
ACEi/ARB (n, %) | 19 (76.0) | 152 (66.4) | 0.331 |
Beta-blockers (n, %) | 1 (4.0) | 14 (6.1) | 0.571 |
Calcium antagonists (n, %) | 7 (28.0) | 54 (23.6) | 0.524 |
Diuretics (n, %) | 4 (16.0) | 23 (10.0) | 0.360 |
Lipid lowering meds (n, %) | 14 (56.0) | 109 (47.5) | 0.426 |
Echocardiography | |||
LV ejection fraction (%) | 61.5 ± 8.7 | 63.2 ± 6.2 | 0.222 |
Mitral early-diastolic inflow velocity (E wave) (m/s) | 0.62 ± 0.18 | 0.65 ± 0.16 | 0.530 |
Mitral late-diastolic inflow velocity (A wave) (m/s) | 0.81 ± 0.16 | 0.83 ± 0.19 | 0.525 |
Transmitral diastolic flow velocity ratio (E/A) | 0.79 ± 0.21 | 0.77 ± 0.25 | 0.693 |
Early diastolic mitral annular velocity (e′) (m/s) | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.852 |
Mitral E/e′ septal–lateral ratio (E/e′) | 8.6 ± 1.9 | 9.2 ± 2.8 | 0.336 |
E/e′ ratio > 13 (n, %) | 1 (4.0) | 25 (10.9) | 0.280 |
Deceleration time (DT) (s) | 231.6 ± 50.4 | 248.6 ± 52.9 | 0.129 |
LV mass index (g/m2) | 87.3 ± 16.1 | 85.4 ± 19.6 | 0.602 |
LV mass index (g/m1.7) | 82.3 ± 27.0 | 73.6 ± 20.2 | 0.130 |
LV hypertrophy (n, %)a | 2 (8.0) | 33 (14.4) | 0.998 |