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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the diabetic patients

From: Glitazones and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors as the second-line oral anti-diabetic agents added to metformin reduce cardiovascular risk in Type 2 diabetes patients: a nationwide cohort observational study

Variables

All patients

n = 26,742

Met+SU users

n = 24,277 (%)

Met+AGI users

n = 808 (%)

Met+TZD users

n = 581 (%)

Met+glinide users

n = 962 (%)

Met+DPP-4I users

n = 114 (%)

p value

(5 groups)

Patient characteristics

 Age, years

56.4 (11.8)

56.3 (11.7)

56.3 (13.1)

56.4 (12.0)

57.8 (12.8)

56.2 (12.8)

0.004

 Male

14,083 (52.7)

12,842 (52.9)

366 (45.3)

313 (53.9)

505 (52.5)

57 (50.0)

0.0009

 Diabetes durationa, years

2.5 (2.9)

2.4 (2.8)

3.6 (3.5)

3.3 (3.5)

3.1 (3.5)

4.8 (4.3)

< 0.0001

 Follow up duration, years

6.6 (3.4)

6.8 ± 3.4

4.7 ± 2.5

4.9 ± 2.6

5.6 ± 2.7

1.7 ± 0.5

< 0.0001

Co-morbidities

 COPD

8641 (32.3)

7770 (32.0)

299 (37.0)

194 (33.4)

329 (34.2)

49 (43.0)

0.0019

 CKD

316 (1.2)

271 (1.1)

12 (1.5)

11 (1.9)

17 (1.8)

5 (4.4)

0.002

 Hypertension

16,028 (60.0)

14,393 (59.3)

563 (69.7)

395 (68.0)

599 (62.3)

78 (68.4)

< 0.0001

 Hyperlipidemia

15,443 (57.8)

13,794 (56.8)

589 (72.9)

404 (69.5)

571 (59.4)

85 (74.6)

< 0.0001

 Heart failureb

1118 (4.2)

989 (4.1)

42 (5.2)

22 (3.8)

55 (5.7)

10 (8.8)

0.005

Medications

 ACEIs/ARBs

11,945 (44.7)

10,609 (43.7)

452 (55.9)

334 (57.5)

482 (50.1)

68 (59.7)

< 0.0001

 Alpha blockers

3396 (12.7)

2999 (12.4)

121 (15.0)

108 (18.6)

147 (15.3)

21 (18.4)

< 0.0001

 Beta blockers

13,393 (50.1)

11,966 (49.3)

516 (63.9)

326 (56.1)

513 (53.3)

72 (63.2)

<0.0001

 CCB

13,034 (48.7)

11,662 (48.0)

483 (59.8)

320 (55.1)

499 (51.9)

70 (61.4)

< 0.0001

 Diuretics

9434 (35.3)

8428 (34.7)

352 (43.6)

229 (39.4)

378 (39.3)

47 (41.2)

< 0.0001

 Aspirin

8957 (33.5)

7939 (32.7)

348 (43.1)

246 (42.3)

376 (39.1)

48 (42.1)

< 0.0001

 Clopidogrel

304 (1.1)

237 (1.0)

32 (4.0)

13 (2.2)

17 (1.8)

5 (4.4)

< 0.0001

 Warfarin

176 (0.7)

152 (0.6)

10 (1.2)

4 (0.7)

10 (1.0)

0

0.11

 Statins

7419 (27.7)

6408 (26.4)

359 (44.4)

270 (46.5)

325 (33.8)

57 (50.0)

< 0.0001

 Fibrates

6282 (23.5)

5623 (23.2)

245 (30.3)

165 (28.4)

213 (22.1)

36 (31.6)

< 0.0001

  1. ACEI angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, CCB calcium channel blocker, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CKD chronic kidney disease
  2. aFrom the diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes to second-line anti-diabetic agent was add on
  3. bHeart failure was judged by clinical physicians by the presence of either typical signs and symptoms of HF including fluid retention, weight gain, or objective evidence of cardiac dysfunction, or regular use of HF medications in the medical chart