Suboptimal control of lipid levels: results from the non-interventional Centralized Pan-Russian Survey of the Undertreatment of Hypercholesterolemia II (CEPHEUS II)

Table 1 Risk categories and LDL-C goals established by the Fifth Joint European Task Force [13]

Patient characteristics	Risk category	LDL-C goal
CVD diagnosed by invasive or non-invasive testing, peripheral artery disease, any arterial revascularization, ischemic stroke; type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus with ≥ 1 CV risk factor and/or target organ damage; GFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m²; and/or calculated SCORE ≥ 10%	Very high	< 1.8 mmol/l (~ 70 mg/dl) or a ≥ 50% LDL-C reduction when the target cannot be reached
Markedly elevated single risk factors such as familial dyslipidemia and severe hypertension; type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus without CV risk factors or target organ damage; GFR 30–59 ml/min/1.73 m²; and/or calculated SCORE ≥ 5% and < 10%	High	< 2.5 mmol/l (~ 100 mg/dl)
Calculated SCORE ≥ 1% and < 5%	Moderate	< 3.0 mmol/l (~ 115 mg/dl)
Calculated SCORE < 1%	Low	< 3.0 mmol/l (~ 115 mg/dl)

For screening (to exclude potential participants with a low CV risk), use of the CKD-EPI equation was recommended for estimating GFR. The CKD-EPI equation was used to estimate GFR and CV risk for the primary calculation
CKD-EPI Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration, CV cardiovascular, CVD cardiovascular disease, GFR glomerular filtration rate, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, SCORE Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation Project estimation of 10-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease

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