Fig. 3

Effects of linagliptin treatment on latency of passive avoidance test (a), resting cerebral blood flow (b), hippocampal CA1 neuronal cell number (c), cerebral phospho-Akt (d), cerebral phospho-eNOS (e), and cerebral phospho-CREB (f) of klotho−/− mice. Abbreviations used are the same as in Fig. 2. Upper panels in c indicate representative photomicrographs of Nissl-stained hippocampal sections of each group. Bar = 100 μm. In d, e upper panels show representative western blot bands. Values are mean ± SEM. In a, c n = 7 in each group. In b n = 10 in control group, n = 12 in linagliptin-treated group. In d–f n = 6 in each group. In a statistical analysis was performed by Mann–Whitney U test. In b–f statistical analysis was performed by non-paired t test