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Table 1 Comparison of baseline demographic and clinical characteristics in two study cohorts before and after matching

From: Heart failure hospitalization risk associated with use of two classes of oral antidiabetic medications: an observational, real-world analysis

 

Overall unmatched cohorts

Matched cohorts

DPP4

n = 32,060

SGLT2

n = 5467

p value* (standardized difference, %)

DPP4

n = 9798

SGLT2

n = 4899

p value* (standardized difference, %)

Age at index date (mean, SD)

59.0 (12.5)

54.6 (10.0)

<.001 (39%)

55.1 (0.1)

54.9 (0.1)

.19 (2%)

Age categories, n (%)

  

<.001

  

.68

 18–44

3911 (12.2)

871 (15.9)

(11%)

1591 (16.2)

757 (15.5)

(2%)

 45–54

7713 (24.1)

1689 (30.9)

(15%)

2942 (30.0)

1484 (30.3)

(1%)

 55–64

10,386 (32.4)

2185 (40.0)

(16%)

3832 (39.1)

1937 (39.5)

(1%)

 ≥65

10,050 (31.4)

722 (13.2)

(45%)

1433 (14.6)

721 (14.7)

(0%)

Gender, n (%)

  

<.001

  

.73

 Female

13,744 (42.9)

2513 (46.0)

(6%)

4450 (45.4)

2210 (45.1)

(1%)

Comorbidity

 DCI, mean (SD)

1.69 (1.5)

1.43 (1.4)

<.001 (20%)

1.4 (0.01)

1.4 (0.02)

.54 (1%)

 DCI categories, n (%)

  

<.001

  

.24

  0

2483 (7.7)

330 (6.0)

(7%)

721 (7.4)

322 (6.6)

(3%)

  1

18,075 (56.4)

3509 (64.2)

(16%)

6276 (64.1)

3162 (64.5)

(1%)

  2

5613 (17.5)

1014 (18.6)

(3%)

1729 (17.7)

849 (17.3)

(1%)

  3

5889 (18.4)

614 (11.2)

(20%)

1072 (10.9)

566 (1.6)

(2%)

Provider specialty on index fill, n (%)

  

<.001

  

.96

 Endocrinologist

3327 (10.4)

1114 (20.4)

(28%)

1425 (14.5)

710 (14.5)

(0%)

 PCP

23,215 (72.4)

3382 (61.9)

(23%)

6581 (67.2)

3283 (67.0)

(0%)

 Other

5518 (17.2)

971 (17.8)

(1%)

1792 (18.3)

906 (18.5)

(1%)

Diabetes complications, n (%)

 Any

12,816 (40.0)

1784 (32.6)

<.001 (15%)

3032 (31.0)

1561 (31.9)

.26 (2%)

 Cardiovascular

6635 (20.7)

726 (13.3)

<.001 (20%)

1318 (13.5)

671 (13.7)

.68 (1%)

 Neuropathy

4170 (13.0)

751 (13.7)

.14 (2%)

1148 (11.7)

616 (12.6)

.13 (3%)

 Nephropathy

3663 (11.4)

312 (5.7)

<.001 (21%)

544 (5.6)

290 (5.9)

.36 (2%)

 Retinopathy

2165 (6.8)

336 (6.2)

.10 (3%)

548 (5.6)

274 (5.6)

1.00 (0%)

 Peripheral vascular

1886 (5.9)

191 (3.5)

<.001 (11%)

345 (3.5)

180 (3.7)

.64 (1%)

 Cerebrovascular

1580 (4.9)

129 (2.4)

<.001 (14%)

273 (2.8)

125 (2.6)

.41 (2%)

 Metabolic

204 (0.6)

35 (0.6)

0.97 (0%)

49 (0.5)

28 (0.6)

.57 (1%)

History of adverse events, n (%)

 Renal

2618 (8.2)

155 (2.8)

<.001 (24%)

297 (3.0)

155 (3.2)

.66 (1%)

 UTI

2106 (6.6)

279 (5.1)

<.001 (6%)

509 (5.2)

258 (5.3)

.85 (0%)

 CHF

1641 (5.1)

115 (2.1)

<.001 (16%)

225 (2.3)

112 (2.3)

.97 (0%)

 Hypoglycemia

886 (2.8)

157 (2.9)

0.65 (1%)

248 (2.5)

130 (2.7)

.66 (1%)

 Ketoacidosis

101 (0.3)

13 (0.2)

0.34 (2%)

22 (0.2)

12 (0.2)

.81 (0%)

 Pancreatitis

98 (0.3)

30 (0.6)

.004 (4%)

36 (0.4)

14 (0.3)

.42 (1%)

Prior OAD use, n (%)

 Any

24,394 (76.1)

4183 (76.5)

.50 (1%)

7496 (76.5)

3721 (76.0)

.46 (1%)

 Metformin

19,700 (61.5)

3431 (62.8)

.07 (3%)

6105 (62.3)

3084 (63.0)

.45 (1%)

 Sulfonylurea

10,576 (33.0)

1720 (31.5)

.03 (3%)

3056 (31.2)

1575 (32.2)

.24 (2%)

 TZD

1880 (5.9)

404 (7.4)

<.001 (6%)

649 (6.6)

338 (6.9)

.53 (1%)

 Combination OAD

1001 (3.1)

272 (5.0)

<.001 (9%)

421 (4.3)

213 (4.4)

.89 (0%)

 Meglitinide

370 (1.2)

58 (1.1)

.55 (1%)

91 (0.9)

52 (1.1)

.44 (1%)

 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor

109 (0.3)

19 (0.4)

.93 (0%)

25 (0.3)

16 (0.3)

.44 (1%)

MPR of any OAD, mean (SD)

0.44 (0.4)

0.47 (0.5)

<.001 (10%)

0.45 (0.004)

0.46 (0.005)

.14 (3%)

Insulin, n (%)

3237 (10.1)

1481 (27.1)

<.001 (45%)

1848 (18.9)

920 (18.8)

.91 (0%)

Other medications, n (%)

 Cardiovascular drugs

4096 (12.8)

445 (8.1)

<.001 (17%)

869 (8.9)

403 (8.2)

.19 (2%)

 Statin

18,578 (58.0)

3017 (55.2)

<.001 (6%)

5307 (54.2)

2696 (55.0)

.32 (2%)

 ACE/ARB

14,856 (46.3)

2418 (44.2)

.004 (4%)

4211 (43.0)

2139 (43.7)

.43 (1%)

 Diuretic

10,991 (34.3)

1774 (32.5)

.008 (4%)

3063 (31.3)

1585 (32.4)

.18 (2%)

  Spironolactone

709 (2.2)

114 (2.1)

0.56 (1%)

172 (1.8)

104 (2.1)

.12 (2%)

 Beta blocker

9171 (28.6)

1292 (23.6)

<.001 (11%)

2250 (23.0)

1159 (23.7)

.35 (2%)

  1. ACE/ARB angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker, CHF coronary heart failure, DCI Deyo–Charlson comorbidity index, DPP4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4, MPR medication possession ratio, OAD oral antidiabetic drug, PCP primary care provider, SD standard deviation, SGLT2 sodium–glucose co-transporter 2, TZD thiazolidinediones, UTI urinary tract infection
  2. * p values were derived from χ2 tests for categorical variables and t tests for continuous variables. Comparison group was DPP4