Table 1 Patients’ characteristics
Characteristics | Dapagliflozin group | Metformin group | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Sex (male/female) | 25 (67.6)/12 (32.4) | 22 (59.5)/15 (40.5) | 0.63 |
Age (years) | 57.9 ± 8.3 (37) | 59.4 ± 10.1 (37) | 0.51 |
Duration of diabetes (years) | 5.4 ± 4.4 (37) | 6.3 ± 4.2 (37) | 0.40 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.8 ± 4.6 (37) | 26.3 ± 3.5 (37) | 0.60 |
Current smoking | 10 (27.0) | 6 (16.2) | 0.50 |
Current alcohol | 14 (37.8) | 12 (32.4) | 0.81 |
Diabetic retinopathy | 6 (16.2) | 2 (5.4) | 0.26 |
 Simple retinopathy | 4 (10.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0.09 |
 Preproliferative retinopathy | 1 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) |  |
 Proliferative retinopathy | 1 (2.7) | 2 (5.4) |  |
Diabetic nephropathy | 10 (27.0) | 13 (35.1) | 0.62 |
 UACR 30–299 mg/g creatinine | 9 (24.3) | 13 (35.1) | 0.45 |
 UACR ≥300 mg/g creatinine | 1 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) |  |
Diabetic neuropathy | 6 (16.2) | 6 (16.2) | 1.00 |
 Polyneuropathy | 3 (8.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.13 |
 Mononeuropathy | 1 (2.7) | 5 (13.5) |  |
 Unknown | 2 (5.4) | 1 (2.7) |  |
Macrovascular complications | 1 (2.7) | 1 (2.7) | 1.00 |
 Cerebrovascular disease | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | – |
 Coronary disease | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | – |
 Peripheral arterial disease | 1 (2.7) | 1 (2.7) | 1.00 |
Other complications | 34 (91.9) | 32 (86.5) | 0.71 |
 Renal disease | 1 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1.00 |
 Liver disease | 4 (10.8) | 3 (8.1) | 1.00 |
 Hypertension | 15 (40.5) | 14(37.8) | 1.00 |
 Hyperlipidemia | 25 (67.6) | 23 (62.2) | 0.81 |
HbA1c (NGSP%) | 6.8 ± 0.5 (37) | 6.9 ± 0.5 (37) | 0.39 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 50.3 ± 5.5 (37) | 51.4 ± 5.7 (37) | 0.39 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 133.5 ± 27.1 (37) | 139.6 ± 20.2 (37) | 0.28 |
C-peptide (ng/mL) | 2.1 ± 0.8 (37) | 2.3 ± 1.1 (37) | 0.34 |
Insulin (μIU/mL) | 8.9 ± 5.5 (37) | 10.3 ± 7.5 (37) | 0.38 |
Glucagon (pg/mL) | 164.6 ± 33.5 (37) | 171.6 ± 42.4 (37) | 0.43 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 129.2 ± 13.7 (37) | 130.0 ± 12.4 (37) | 0.78 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 81.8 ± 9.6 (37) | 79.9 ± 8.5 (37) | 0.36 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 201.8 ± 33.1 (35) | 194.1 ± 31.9 (35) | 0.33 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 50.9 ± 9.0 (35) | 53.4 ± 15.4 (35) | 0.42 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 109.6 ± 33.2 (35) | 96.1 ± 25.0 (35) | 0.06 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 142.8 ± 53.1 (37) | 145.2 ± 69.0 (37) | 0.87 |
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.7 ± 0.1 (37) | 0.7 ± 0.2 (37) | 0.72 |
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.6 ± 1.1 (37) | 5.8 ± 1.2 (37) | 0.41 |
Anti-diabetic drugs | 37 (100.0) | 37 (100.0) | – |
 Biguanides | 37 (100.0) | 37 (100.0) | – |
 DPP-4 inhibitors | 6 (16.2) | 7 (18.9) | 1.00 |
 Sulfonylureas | 2 (5.4) | 4 (10.8) | 0.67 |
 α-Glucosidase inhibitors | 2 (5.4) | 1 (2.7) | 1.00 |
 Glinides | 2 (5.4) | 4 (10.8) | 0.67 |
 Thiazolidinediones | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | – |
Antihypertensive drugs | 11 (29.7) | 14 (37.8) | 0.62 |
 Diuretic drugs | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.7) | 1.00 |
 Calcium channel blockers | 6 (16.2) | 10 (27.0) | 0.40 |
 ACE inhibitors | 4 (10.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0.11 |
 Angiotensin II receptor blockers | 6 (16.2) | 11 (29.7) | 0.27 |
 Direct renin inhibitors | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | – |
 β-Blockers | 1 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1.00 |
 α-Blockers | 1 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1.00 |
Lipid-lowering agents | 23 (62.2) | 21 (56.8) | 0.81 |
 Statins | 14 (37.8) | 15 (40.5) | 1.00 |
 Fibrates | 7 (18.9) | 5 (13.5) | 0.75 |
 Ezetimibe | 2 (5.4) | 1 (2.7) | 1.00 |
 Probucol | 1 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1.00 |
 EPAs | 3 (8.1) | 3 (8.1) | 1.00 |
 Resins | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | – |
Antithrombotic agents | 1 (2.7) | 1 (2.7) | 1.00 |
 Antiplatelet agents | 1 (2.7) | 1 (2.7) | 1.00 |
 Anticoagulants | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | – |