Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants

n (men/women)

401 (203/198)

200 (101/99)

201 (102/99)

Age (years)

58 (48–64)

50 (41–58)

62 (59–68)**

BMI (kg/m²)

25.59 ± 3.14

25.79 ± 3.27

25.38 ± 3.00

W (cm)

92.51 ± 9.51

91.61 ± 9.43

93.41 ± 9.52

SBP (mmHg)

130 (120–140)

125 (118–134)

130 (120–142)**

DBP (mmHg)

80 (70–85)

78 (70–82)

80 (70–85)

FPG (mmol/L)

7.72 (6.45–9.44)

7.78 (6.44–9.63)

7.65 (6.45–9.23)

2hPG (mmol/L)

13.10 ± 4.23

13.05 ± 4.47

13.15 ± 4.00

HbA_1c (%)

8.7 ± 1.9

8.8 ± 2.0

8.7 ± 1.8

HbA_1c (mmol/mol)

72 ± 21

72 ± 22

72 ± 20

FCP (ng/mL)

1.84 ± 0.87

1.81 ± 0.84

1.87 ± 0.89

2hCP (ng/mL)

4.13 (2.53–6.48)

4.13 (2.39–6.53)

4.09 (2.55–6.40)

HOMA2-IR

1.57 ± 0.75

1.56 ± 0.76

1.59 ± 0.75

TC (mmol/L)

4.74 ± 1.01

4.83 ± 0.86

4.66 ± 1.14

TG (mmol/L)

1.47 (1.02–2.24)

1.54 (1.02–2.39)

1.36 (1.01–2.12)

HDL-c (mmol/L)

1.05 (0.90–1.20)

1.06 (0.90–1.22)

1.05 (0.90–1.18)

LDL-c (mmol/L)

2.86 ± 0.81

2.92 ± 0.72

2.80 ± 0.90

CRP (mg/L)

0.85 (0.40–1.85)

0.89 (0.42–1.78)

0.83 (0.37–1.92)

GFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

99.01 ± 20.37

105.43 ± 20.91

92.63 ± 17.69**

Ca (mmol/L)

2.35 ± 0.10

2.35 ± 0.10

2.34 ± 0.10

P (mmol/L)

1.27 ± 0.17

1.29 ± 0.17

1.26 ± 0.16

F-IMT (mm)

0.79 ± 0.11

0.72 ± 0.12

0.85 ± 0.01**

Current smoker, n (%)

103 (25.69)

45 (22.50)

58 (28.86)

Current drinker, n (%)

58 (14.46)

27 (13.50)

31 (15.42)

Anti-hypertensive therapy, n (%)

173 (43.14)

72 (36.00)

101 (50.25)**

Lipid-lowing therapy, n (%)

66 (16.46)

33 (16.50)

33 (16.42)

Diabetes duration (years)

8.00 (4.00–12.00)

6.00 (3.00–10.00)

10.00 (6.00–15.00)**