Table 1 Baseline characteristics healthy controls and type 2 diabetic patients

Age, years

59 ± 5

66 ± 5

<0.01

Diabetes duration, years

NA

8 (5–11)

NA

Coronary artery disease, n (%)

NA

24 (92%)

NA

Male, n (%)

10 (100)

26 (100)

1.00

BMI, kg m⁻²

29.4 ± 2.2

29.8 ± 3.1

0.74

Waist, cm

103 ± 6

110 ± 10

0.04

Medication

 ACE inhibitor, n (%)

NA

15 (56%)

NA

 Angiotensin II blocker, n (%)

NA

10 (37%)

NA

 Beta blocker, n (%)

NA

23 (85%)

NA

 Statins, n (%)

NA

24 (89%)

NA

Biochemical measurements (in fasten state)

 HbA1c, %

5.5 ± 0.2

7.5 ± 1.3

<0.01

 Plasma glucose, mmol L⁻¹

5.5 ± 0.3

9.7 ± 2.6

<0.01

 Total cholesterol, mmol L⁻¹

5.7 ± 0.7

4.3 ± 1.0

<0.01

 HDL cholesterol, mmol L⁻¹

1.4 (1.2–1.5)

1.0 (0.9–1.2)

<0.01

 LDL cholesterol, mmol L

3.9 ± 0.7

2.3 ± 0.9

<0.01

 Triglycerides, mmol L⁻¹

1.1 (0.9–1.2)

1.6 (1.1–2.1)

0.02

 Non-esterified fatty acids, mmol L⁻¹

0.4 ± 0.1

0.5 ± 0.2

0.03

 eGFR (MDRD), mL min⁻¹ 1.73 m⁻²

89 ± 14

86 ± 28

0.80

 Albumin-to-creatinin ratio, g mol⁻¹

0.4 (0.3–0.5)

1.3 (0.6–2.4)

<0.01