Table 1 Clinical characteristics of study subjects
Variable | All (n = 31) | Placebo (n = 16) | Dapagliflozin (n = 15) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics and anthropometrics | ||||
 Age, years | 63.7 ± 1.3 | 61.0 ± 1.8 | 66.3 ± 1.8 | 0.034a |
 Sex male, % | 67.7 | 66.7 | 68.8 | 1.000 |
 BMI, kg/m2 | 30.5 ± 1.0 | 32.8 ± 1.4 | 28.4 ± 1.4 | 0.018a |
 Waist, cm | 107.7 ± 2.2 | 111.7 ± 3.0 | 103.3 ± 3.0 | 0.049a |
 HbA1c, % | 8.2 ± 0.1 | 8.2 ± 0.2 | 8.2 ± 0.2 | 0.908 |
 Diabetes duration | 14.1 ± 1.2 | 13.9 ± 1.3 | 14.2 ± 1.3 | 0.916 |
Concomitant risk factors | ||||
 Hypertension, % | 90.3 | 93.3 | 87.5 | 1.000 |
 Smoke, % | 19.4 | 20.0 | 18.8 | 1.000 |
 Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 163.3 ± 6.6 | 158.1 ± 11.1 | 168.1 ± 11.1 | 0.458 |
 HDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 48.5 ± 2.2 | 47.2 ± 3.3 | 49.7 ± 3.3 | 0.587 |
 LDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 89.2 ± 6.0 | 82.3 ± 10.0 | 95.6 ± 10.0 | 0.275 |
 Triglyceridex, mg/dl | 137.1 ± 16.2 | 141.0 ± 19.5 | 133.4 ± 19.5 | 0.818 |
 ACR, mg/g | 68.2 ± 45.9 | 116.4 ± 94.1 | 22.9 ± 94.1 | 0.316 |
 Creatinine, mg/dl | 0.82 ± 0.03 | 0.81 ± 0.05 | 0.83 ± 0.05 | 0.794 |
 eGFR (ml/min/1.73 mq) | 90.8 ± 3.0 | 92.5 ± 4.4 | 89.3 ± 4.4 | 0.603 |
Complications | ||||
 Retinopathy, % | 25.8 | 33.3 | 18.8 | 0.433 |
 Nephropathy, % | 22.6 | 33.3 | 12.5 | 0.220 |
 Neuropathy, % | 3.2 | 6.7 | 0.0 | 0.484 |
 CAD, % | 25.8 | 40.0 | 12.5 | 0.113 |
 PAD, % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.000 |
 CerVD, % | 58.1 | 53.3 | 62.5 | 0.722 |
Medications | ||||
 Metformin, % | 93.5 | 100.0 | 87.5 | 0.484 |
 SU, % | 19.4 | 20.0 | 18.8 | 1.000 |
 Glinides, % | 3.2 | 0.0 | 6.3 | 1.000 |
 DPP-4i, % | 19.4 | 13.3 | 25.0 | 0.654 |
 Basal insulin, % | 16.1 | 13.3 | 18.8 | 1.000 |
 Basal-bolus insulin,  % | 35.5 | 46.7 | 25.0 | 0.273 |
 ACEi/ARB, % | 80.6 | 86.7 | 75.0 | 0.654 |
 Other anti-hypertensive, % | 61.3 | 73.3 | 50.0 | 0.273 |
 Statins, % | 90.3 | 100.0 | 81.3 | 0.226 |
 Anti-platelet, % | 51.6 | 60.0 | 43.8 | 0.480 |