Skip to main content

Table 1 Characteristics of study participants according to obstructive sleep apnea severity

From: Association between obstructive sleep apnea severity and endothelial dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes

 

All

AHI < 15

15 ≤ AHI < 30

AHI > 30

p value

n

126

39

27

60

–

Age, years

59.3 (9.5)

59.6 (10.6)

61.4 (10.4)

58.1 (8.3)

0.33

Women, %

40.3

51.3

36.0

35.0

0.24

BMI, kg/m2

33.2 (6.3)

32.0 (6.4)

32.5 (6.2)

34.4 (6.1)

0.14

Waist circumference, cm

113.0 (17.0)

108.0 (18.9)

115.2 (16.6)

115.3 (15.9)

0.22

Waist-to-hip ratio

1.2 (0.4)

1.1 (0.3)

1.3 (0.4)

1.3 (0.5)

0.19

Current smokers, %

13.5

18.8

14.3

7.1

0.42

Hypertension, %

59.0

46.2

66.7

64.4

0.14

Duration of diabetes, years

9.0 (7.7)

10.1 (7.4)

10.4 (8.7)

7.7 (7.3)

0.20

Metformin, %

90.3

87.1

94.7

90.7

0.83

Sulfonylurea, %

26.7

24.0

27.8

27.9

0.93

DPP-4 inhibitors, %

19.8

25.0

16.7

17.5

0.70

Injectable GLP-1 analog, %

9.6

3.7

0.0

18.0

0.01

Insulin, %

13.1

10.3

29.2

8.5

0.03

Antihypertensive medications

 ACE inhibitors, %

32.9

28.6

25.0

39.0

0.50

 CCBs, %

17.1

7.7

6.3

27.5

0.05

 β-blockers, %

23.2

32.1

16.7

20.0

0.38

 Cholesterol-lowering drugs, %

61.4

56.7

58.8

65.9

0.71

 Antiaggregants, %

14.5

18.5

11.8

12.8

0.76

Sleep-disordered breathing indices

 AHI, n

33.7 (27.5)

7.1 (4.3)

21.9 (4.0)

56.2 (23.3)

<0.0001

 ODI, n

34.2 (45.7)

10.7 (17.9)

21.7 (16.6)

54.8 (56.3)

<0.0001

 T90, %

54.0 (75.8)

30.8 (58.1)

35.2 (32.0)

77.9 (92.2)

<0.0001

 TDS, min.

55.2 (17.6)

52.0 (16.5)

53.4 (10.2)

58.1 (20.4)

0.22

  1. Data are expressed as mean (standard deviation) or percentages
  2. BMI body mass index, DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4, ACE angiotensin converting enzyme, CCBs calcium channel blockers, AHI apnea–hypopnea index, ODI 3% oxygen desaturation index, T90 % sleep time spent with oxygen saturation <90%, TDS time desaturation summation index [(100% − mean oxygen saturation during sleep) × total sleep time] [50]