Lipoprotein(a) and incident type-2 diabetes: results from the prospective Bruneck study and a meta-analysis of published literature

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants and cross-sectional associations with lipoprotein(a) (n = 815)

Baseline variables	Mean (SD), median (25th–75th), or n (%)	Age- and sex-adjusted % mean difference in Lp(a) (95% CI) per SD higher level or compared to reference group
Baseline Lp(a), mg/dL^a	8.9 (4.5–22.2)	–
Apo(a) isoform size, KIV repeats	25 (4.5)	−38.0 (−41.0, −34.0)**
Age, mean (SD), years	58 (11.0)	1.3 (−4.6, 7.6)
Male sex, %	403 (49.5)	−2.1 (−13.2, 10)
Current smoking, %	199 (24.4)	13.0 (−1.8, 30.0)
Alcohol consumption, gram/week	10 (0–50)	−1.4 (−8.0, 5.7)
Physical activity, Baecke score
Low	148 (18.2)	[Reference]
Medium	312 (38.3)	−16.0 (−29.0, 0.65)
High	355 (43.6)	0.1 (−16.0, 19.0)
SES
Low	504 (61.8)	[Reference]
Medium	173 (21.2)	−0.1 (−14.0, 17.0)
High	138 (16.9)	−17.0 (−30.0, −1.0)
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	144 (21.0)	1.6 (−5.0, 8.6)
BMI, kg/m²	25 (3.7)	2.3 (−3.7, 8.7)
WHR	0.89 (0.07)	4.9 (−2.5, 13.0)
LDL-C, mg/dL^b	137 (38.0)	26.0 (19.0, 33.0)**
Triglycerides, mg/dL	130 (78.4)	1.9 (−7.6, 4.3)
hsCRP, mg/L	0.14 (0.084–0.28)	0.3 (−5.7, 6.6)
HOMA-IR	2.5 (1.6–3.7)	−1.6 (−7.4, 4.7)
HbA1c, %	5.4 (0.4)	12.0 (5.3, 20.0)*
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	97 (9.5)	0.7 (−5.3, 7.1)

BMI body mass index, HDL-c high density lipoprotein cholesterol, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance, hsCRP high sensitivity c-reactive protein, KIV kringle IV, SD standard deviation, SES socioeconomic status, WHR waist hip ratio
* P ≤ 0.01
** P ≤ 0.001
^aSingle measurement in 1990
^bLDL-C corrected by removing Lp(a) multiplied by 0.45 [23]

ISSN: 1475-2840